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, , 1944 . . , () . , 1974 . , . 1974 . . . 7 - , , -, .
1982 . , , , . .
1986 . , 30 . . 4 . . 25% , . .
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, (50) 80- . . , 17 .
. 1985 . 1268 , 1984 . . .
1935 . . 1964 . 2- , 1972 - . 1967 . . 1968 . ( 18 . 12 . ).
1984 . 4- , .
1986 . - "5" ( ) -6 (). , 1. 27 . 6 , -2 -3 , ( . ).
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6. . .
7. ?
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10. .
11. .
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3. . .
4. .
.., . , , 1997 .// . . 10. . 1998. N 5. .26-81.
.. . , , , , 1995 . // . . 10. . 1996. N 5. .20-
.. ( XVII .) // . . 10. . 1998. N 3. .73-90.
.. // . . 10. . 1998. N 3. .79-92.
.. " ": , //. 1997. N 5. .60-64.
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.., .. . , , , 1989 // . . 10. . 1990. N 5. .21-64.
.., .., .. , , 1994 . // . . 10. . 1995. N 6. .19-38.
. . ., 1985.
.. ., 1978.
.. 20-30 . .,1977.
- . . " ". 1- . . " " - . . .
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1609 . "" ("") "". 30- . 17 . 30 , 18 . 200. , . 17 . 350 400 ., "" " " 1,5 .. " " (" ") 1661 . , (" " (" ", 1695 .). 1712 . " ". . : 1763 " - ", 1795 . " ".
17 . , --: " " (1621), " " (1634-1635), " " (1659-1681). - . - . 1641-1649 . " " (" - "), - - "" (" ", 1663 .). 17 . " " (1682 . . .) "" (1688) .
18 . , . 18 . " " "", " ".
, , , . , , . , , , , . - . , , , "" , . , , . . , , . - , - " ", , . , . . , , " " , . , . .
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. , " ", 384 , 423 25.3 .., 19.2 . (0.8 . , 18.4 . ) 6.1 . "" . - , . : (), , ("").
"-" ( 4,5 . .), "--" (680 .). " " - 380 .. " " - 190 .. " " - 80 .., " " - 60 . . " ", 28 .. "" ( 133 .).
, 81% , 1.6 .
. . " " ( 477 ..). : "-" (157 .), " " (108 .), "" (103 .), " " (108 .), " " (80 .).
"". : - , , " ". (42.6%), - - (19.3%). - (14.6 %), - (13.8%).
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, "" (685 .., 22.1% ) "" (2.2 %), "" (3.1%), "" (3.8%), " " (19.9%).
. -, . -, . -, .
, 500 . , . 18,5 . , - 6,7 ., - 12 . 3 . . , , .
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1,5 . , - 1,4 . .
. 1995 , . "", , ", , - ". . 4 , , , ; , ( "-"); ( " ") "-", "". , , ( "" ).
: - - Henry Holt and Company, Farrar, Status and Girou, W.H.Freeman, Worth Publishers; - Hanley and Belfus. 1995 70% 3 . .
. 100% "", 20% . - "" , - 4 - , - .
6 . " " ( 196 .), " " (101 .), "" (144 .), "-". 53% " " ( 195 .) 51% "".
, 5 : , "-1 " 15%, - 100%. 1995 " ", - -. .
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- " ", " -", " ".
. , . " " - , - , 80- . 1994 . 35.74 . - 31.89 . . 1000 439 - 392 .
- "", . -, , - , , , , , , 1 1992 . -, - . -, .
- . 1 1924 2 . 1 1988 , -, - , -, . ( 9 19 ) 1 1990 .
, - , ( ), ( ), 80 60% , . - , - 20.00. - , , , . , , , - , . 1995 .
- . 1 1984 , 3 - "-1", "-", "-". "-1" " - ". , 1 1985 - . "-" . "-" , , - - -. . 1987 "", 2 " 7".
- 2 , , - . "", : , . 1991 . 3 :
- "pay per view", . , , ;
- "video on demand", , ;
- , .
. ? "-1" ( ) 4 . , 43% , (20%), -- (20%) (15%). " 7" 2 - (49.5%) ( ), 47.5%.
( ) . - Rete Invest Holding .. (33.5%), (24.9%), " " (24.5%), "" (17.1%).
"-" - 10 . CNN (29%), "Time Varner" (23%), "Nixdorf" (18%). La Savoioienne ( ), , 3%.
"" 47.9% CLT (Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Teledifusi- on S. A.), 37.1% - ( ), 10% " ". " " : 45% " 7" "- ", 10% . "VOX" 49.9% , 24.9% " " " " ".
"-2" 6 . 33.1% " " " ", 24% - "CLT". 37.5% "" " " " ", 25% - "" ( ).
15 . , 15.1 , 8.2 - .
. 27 , 12 - 15 .
500 , - . - (" "), 1949 .
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10. .
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2. .
3. , .
.., .., .. , , 1994 . // . . 10. . 1995. N 6. .19-38.
. . 10. . 1978. N 2. 1981. N 3. 1988. N 3.
.. 1980- // . . 10. . 1991. N 1. .68-76.
. : . ., 1988.
: . ., 1988.
- , , , .
- 1918 .
. , , " ", 1703 .
. - "" (1954, 430 . .) " " (1900, 860 ..).
: , , . 30 - 30 17, . - "", "" "" 50% .
- - . , " -" (" ") - , 1889 . 80 . . "" ("", 1946 .).
8 , " " " ", 1945 .).