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1. In January 1835, Emperor Nicholas I sent a letter to Franz von Gerstner proposing to build the railway from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoe Selo.
2. According to von Gerstner, no other country could benefit from railways as much as Russia, due to its climate.
3. The first railway ran along quite a straight line with the sole curvature near a bridge over the Obvodny Canal.
4. Thirty four bridges were erected on the railway line; the bridge over the Vedenskii Canal was the largest one.
5. On October 30, 1837, the hooter of a steam locomotive, the Provorny, marked the inauguration of the country's first, 27-kilometre-long, railway that ran from St Petersburg to Tsarskoye Selo.
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1. Why did von Gerstner leave for Europe in March 1836?
a) to celebrate the beginning of construction
b) to hire foreign railway builders
c) to order locomotives, cars, rails, and other equipment
d) to raise capital for railway construction
2. What were the rails made of?
a) steel
b) wrought iron
c) wood
d) cast iron
3. Why were horses used to pull two trains during the track testing in September 27, 1836?
a) because horse power was cheaper and more ecologically friendly than steam power
b) because heavy locomotives could damage the newly built track
c) because none of the locomotives was delivered by the deadline
d) because people were afraid of traveling by steam trains
4. Von Gerstner promised that the line would be completed by October 1, 1836. Did he keep his word?
a) Yes, he did
b) No, he didn't
5. When did regular service between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoe Selo start?
a) after October 1, 1836
b) after November 3, 1836
c) after October 30, 1837
d) after April 4, 1838
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(A) . , .
1. Passengers traveling from Moscow to Vladivostok have to move the hands of their watches seven times because the Trans-Siberian Mainline crosses seven time zones.
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2. The new British train will be able to develop a very high speed since it is equipped with powerful engines.
3. For increased corrosion protection, the carbodies are to be sprayed on the inside with a special antirust compound.
4. Passengers werent allowed to get off the car because the train stopped for 2 minutes only.
5. To make the Moscow-St. Petersburg line as straight and level as possible, builders had to construct a lot of bridges and viaducts.
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| 1. Next year, the railway ___ increase the train fares because of inflation. 2. Many railways ___ start dieselization only after World War II. 3. On this dangerous section of the line, the trains ___ move at the speed of 60 kmh. 4. John ___ leave his luggage in the Left-Luggage Office. 5. To finish the journey on time, the driver ___ increase the train speed. | a) had to b) is able to c) will have to d) are to e) were able to |
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