(A) , Complex Subject. .
1. The VL80 Locomotive is known to be designed for hauling trains of up to 4,500 tons on sections with steep gradients at speeds up to 110 km/h.
2. The Chinese and Japanese governments were reported to have signed an agreement to cooperate on the construction of railways and railway equipment in China.
3. Japan is expected to provide technological aid for development of a high-speed train to run between Beijing and Shanghai.
(B) , Complex Object. .
1. The engineers consider their discovery to produce great changes in the field of electronics.
2. Since the beginning of the 1990s, new high-speed rail lines in Spain have been built to standard gauge to allow these lines to link to the European high-speed network.
3. People believed James Watt to be the inventor of the first steam engine because the work of Polsunov remained unknown for more than a century.
. 3. to be to have
. tobe to have .
1. According to Charles Pearsons project, the first lines of the London Underground were to be laid down close to the ground surface.
2. A special committee has been set up to examine the details and causes of the freight train derailment.
3. A robot engine driver is a small-size computer with transducers. All the necessary data of train operation distance, time of covering each section of the route, speed limits, etc. is programmed and fed into the computers memory.
4. The builders had to explode the rock to construct the railway in this district.
5. India has some of the lowest train fares in the world, and passenger traffic is subsidized by freight.
. 4.
. , .
| 1. If electric motors were used, 2. Had she gone there by air, 3. Provided the weather conditions are favorable, 4. The train derailment would not have taken place 5. If the refrigerator car were not invented, | a) if the track had been maintained properly. b) she would have come on time but there were no tickets available. c) automobiles would not contaminate the air, would be practically noiseless and very easy to control. d) the construction of the railway bridge will be completed in a month. e) it would be impossible to convey perishable goods over long distances. |
. 5. , , .
1. On the Moscow-Irkutsk route, the train stops for 20-30 minutes every 3-4 hours.
2. All the railways are divided into sections to handle traffic more efficiently.
3. The first Stephensons steam locomotive drew a 20-ton train 35 miles in two hours.
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4. In many countries, traditional long-distance trains have disappeared entirely.
5. The first mainline locomotive for standard gauge called 'Ampere' was built in U.S. in 1883.
. 6. .
Turkish Railways
Turkish State Railways (TCDD) is a corporation, which plays an important role in the Turkish economy's development.
The history of the railways in Turkey began on 23 September 1856 when, by a decree of the Ottoman Sultan1, a British company won the contract for constructing and operating a 130 km line between Izmir and Aydin. The corporation National Railways was established in 1923, when the country became a republic. Today, the length of the railway network is 10,361 km, including 8,430 km of main lines and 1,931 km of secondary lines.
In almost 150 years of their history, Turkish Railways have undergone a number of changes. The new development strategy includes plans for upgrading the existing lines and stations, modernizing rolling stock. Much is done to create a positive image among the public and attract customers to the railways. As a part of a new strategy, TCDD has purchased and put into operation new, more comfortable passenger cars.
Fatih Expresi are new high comfort coaches equipped with aircraft-type seats, air-conditioning and a modern lighting system.
New sleeping cars designed for modern business travelers consist of three double-berth compartments, a sitting room, a toilet, a bath and an American bar. Such facilities as interurban telephones and computers having Web access are also available to passengers. These cars are justly called five stars hotels on wheels.
Restaurant cars with delicious Turkish food uphold the railway tradition of hospitality.
A system of various tariffs has been introduced for the different market segments to attract potential customers to the railways. Price reductions are offered for students, teachers, and children.
TCCD has paid much attention to tourist transport, working in close cooperation with tourist agencies. Special sightseeing tours on steam trains have been organized through some cities of historic interest and through country's sites of natural beauty.
Notes: 1the Ottoman Sultan
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