k , i - () , , ..
(3.10)
, : .
. 6126 36%- .
. 100 36%- 36 64 . :
, .
(k =2) . , , :
.
:
.
3.3
3.3.1
1. 420 180 Ca(NO3)2. .
. : 420+180=600. :
180 Ca(NO3)2 600
x Ca(NO3)2 100
, .. 30%- .
1. 450 50 CuSO4×5H2O. .
. : 450+50=500. CuSO4×5H2O : 50 CuSO4×5H2O 500
x CuSO4×5H2O 100
, .. 10% .
63.5+32+4×16+5×18=249.5, 159.5 ×-1. 50 51.96 . , CuSO4
% .
3.3.2
1. 800 12%- NaNO3?
. 12%, :
12 100
x 800
NaNO3.
800-96=704.
3.3.3
1. 3%- MgSO4 100 MgSO4×7H2O?
. 24+32+4×16+7×18=246, 120 ×-1. 100 .
3%-, :
3 100
48.78 x
,
.
2. 5%- KOH 100 ?
|
|
. 5%- 95 100 . 100, .
3.3.4 ,
1. HCl 250 10%- HCl?
. 10%- 90 10 , , 250 , x
.
2. 100 MgSO4×7H2O , 5% ?
. 100 (. 2, 1.3.3) 51.22 . 5%-, 5 95 . , 48.78 . , 926.82 51.22=875.6 H2O.
, , 975.6 100 = 875.6 .
3.3.5
1. 20%- 250 90%- , 50%- ?
. ( ). : (50%). (90 20%), (9050 = 40% 5020 = 30%). :
, , . 20%- ,
,
, 3x =1000 =333,3 . , 50%- 250 90%- 333.3 20%- .
2. 6N Na 4.5 0,8N , ?
. 4,5 0.8N 4.5×0.8 = 3.6 . 6N ,. : 3.6 + 6 . 4.5 + . , 2 , . .:
; x =1.35.
3.3.6 ,
1. 10%- H2SO4 100 13.7%- Na2CO3 (r=1.145 ×-3)?
. 100 114.5
114.5×0.137=15.68 Na2CO3.
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 +CO2 + H2O
, , Na2CO3 H2SO4 106 98 ×-1:
.
10%- H2SO4 .
2. 35%- (= 0,94 ×-3) 33 (NH4)2S04?
|
|
. 17 132 × -1, .
2NH3 + H2SO4 = (NH4)2SO4
, 33 (NH4)2S04
.
, 35%-
.
3. 32,5%- N3 ( = 0,888 /3) (N4)2S04 250 27,3%- 2S04 ( = 1,2 /3)?
. 250×1,2 = 300. 27.3%, , .
2NH3 + H2SO4 = (NH4)2SO4
, : . 32.5%,
. .
3.3.7
1. , (II) 10%- uS04 ( = 1.107 /3).
. uS04:
×-1, ×-1.
100 10%- 10 uS04 90 . uSO4
/ H2O.
uSO4 1 . , 100 10%- uSO4 . 10%-
3.
/0.7.
(II), 1 .
1 uSO4 2 . ,
/ = 1.4 N.
2. 10%- Na23, 1.202 /3.
. Na23:
×-1, ×-1
100 10%- N203 , 10%- 100 3.
/ = 1.04.
1 Na203 2 Na203,
/ = 2.08N.
3.3.8
1. 30%- N03
( == 1.18 /3) 20 0.5 ?
. (1.8), , 20 0.5 :
; .
30%- HNO3 100 30 HNO3, 630 HNO3 . ,
3 = 1.78
, 20 0,5 N3, 1.78 30%- .
2. 9.5%- N23 ( = 1,10 /3) 100 3%- ?
. . , N203 .
, 3% :
,
3().
3.3.9
1. 0.1N 0.5 0.3N ?
. ,
.
2. , 0.035 0.3N H3PO4 0,02 .
. , . 0.035×0.03= 0.0105 H3PO4. , ..
|
|
N
3.4
3.4.1 1
( ), g (%.) ( 3.1).
3.1 1
g, | , % | ||
K2CO3 H2SO4 HCl KOH AgNO3 K2Cr2O7 KMnO4 KCl MnSO4 H4P2O7 NaClO4 NaCl HClO4 H2O2 Ba(NO3)2 KI NaOH H3BO3 HNO3 CH3COOH CuSO4 ZnSO4 CdSO4 KNO3 NaPO3 Na2SO3 Na2S2O3 Na2CO3 KOH NH4Cl | 8.0 20.0 15.0 17.5 3.5 10.0 5.0 10.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 12.0 7.5 1.0 2.0 6.0 5.0 1.0 25.0 78.0 25.0 33.0 25.0 20.0 17.5 45.0 34.0 15.0 8.0 3.0 |
3.4.2 2
( ), V c r (% .) ( 3.2).
3.2 2
V, | , % | r, /3 | ||
NH4OH AlCl3 NaOH CaCl3 Na2CO3 CH3COOH KOH HClO4 K2CO3 K2Cr2O7 AgNO3 CuSO4 ZnCl2 H3PO4 Na2SO4 KI Fe2(SO4)3 BaCl2 HNO3 CuSO4 FeCl3 Na2S2O3 CdSO4 HCl KBr ZnCl2 Al2(SO4)3 LiOH K2Cr2O7 NaBO3 | 20.0 8.0 50.0 40.0 4.0 8.0 5.1 67.0 50.0 8.0 20.0 4.0 60.0 35.5 8.0 50.0 4.0 4.0 27.0 8.0 50.0 40.0 4.0 13.5 40.0 8.0 20.0 4.0 4.0 20.0 | 0.923 1.071 1.525 1.395 1.039 1.010 1.045 1.635 1.540 1.055 1.194 1.040 1.568 1.220 1.072 1.545 1.033 1.084 1.160 1.084 1.551 1.382 1.547 1.065 1.374 1.071 1.226 1.043 1.026 1.220 |
3.4.3 3
( ), V ( 3.3).
3.3 3
V, | , / | ||
HCl AlCl3 Sr(NO3)2 K2Cr2O7 LiOH NaHCO3 H3BO3 KClO3 Na2S CH3COOH Co(NO3)2 KBrO3 KCl HCl HNO3 NaClO4 (NH4)2CO3 Na2SO4 AlCl3 H2S Na2Cr2O7 SnCl2 NaH2PO4 MgSO4 CuBr2 KCN NH4CNS AgNO3 HCl AlCl3 | 0.15 0.30 0.25 0.18 0.31 0.20 0.10 0.31 0.15 0.50 1.00 0.50 0.20 7.00 11.00 1.50 2.00 0.17 0.20 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.15 0.20 1.50 0.25 0.15 0.20 0.35 |
3.4.4 4
, (% .) r ( 3.4).
3.4 4
% . | r, /3 | ||
NaOH CuSO4 CdSO4 BaCl2 HCl Na2S2O3 FeCl3 HNO3 Fe2(SO4)3 KI Na2SO4 H3PO4 ZnCl2 CuSO4 AgNO3 K2Cr2O7 K2CO3 HClO4 AlCl3 KBr H2SO4 H3PO4 HNO3 HClO4 LiNO3 KNO3 NaNO3 RbNO3 K2SO4 NaOH | 50.0 8.0 40.0 4.0 13.5 40.0 50.0 27.0 4.0 50.0 50.0 35.5 50.0 4.0 20.0 8.0 50.0 67.0 8.0 40.0 70.0 70.0 19.5 25.0 56.0 25.0 10.0 30.0 10.0 30.0 | 1.525 1.083 1.547 1.034 1.065 1.382 1.551 1.160 1.033 1.545 1.545 1.220 1.568 1.040 1.194 1.055 1.540 1.635 1.071 1.374 1.616 1.513 1.115 1.160 1.427 1.170 1.067 1.257 1.081 1.525 |
|
|
3.5
1. ?
2. ? .
3. ?
4. ?
5. ? .
6. ? .
7. ? .
8. ?
9. .
4
- . , , , .
, .
[3], . , .
. . :
, , ;
;
;
;
;
( ).
,
. 3 .
4.1
1. () .
2. .
3. () .
4. .
5. .
.
)
1 , . . : / . . . 16- ., . . .: - , 2010. - 896 .
)
1 , . . : / . . , . . . - .: , 2007. - 624 .
2 : / . . [ .], . . . , . . , . . . - 5- ., . - .: , 2002. - 384 .
3 - / . . . , . . . - 11- ., . . - .: -book, 2009. - 240 .
4 / . . . . - .: , 2003. 255 .
5 , . . : / . . . - .: , 1986. - 543 .
6 , . . : . / . . . - .: , 2007. - 557 .
7 , . . : . . / . . . - .: -, 2006. - 265 .
()
-
( )