.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





k , i - () , , ..

(3.10)

, : .

. 6126 36%- .

. 100 36%- 36 64 . :

, .

(k =2) . , , :

.

:

.

 

3.3

3.3.1

1. 420 180 Ca(NO3)2. .

. : 420+180=600. :

180 Ca(NO3)2 600

x Ca(NO3)2 100

, .. 30%- .

 

1. 450 50 CuSO4×5H2O. .

. : 450+50=500. CuSO4×5H2O : 50 CuSO4×5H2O 500

x CuSO4×5H2O 100

, .. 10% .

63.5+32+4×16+5×18=249.5, 159.5 ×-1. 50 51.96 . , CuSO4

% .

3.3.2

1. 800 12%- NaNO3?

. 12%, :

12 100

x 800

NaNO3.

800-96=704.

3.3.3

1. 3%- MgSO4 100 MgSO4×7H2O?

. 24+32+4×16+7×18=246, 120 ×-1. 100 .

3%-, :

3 100

48.78 x

,

.

2. 5%- KOH 100 ?

. 5%- 95 100 . 100, .

3.3.4 ,

1. HCl 250 10%- HCl?

. 10%- 90 10 , , 250 , x

.

2. 100 MgSO4×7H2O , 5% ?

. 100 (. 2, 1.3.3) 51.22 . 5%-, 5 95 . , 48.78 . , 926.82 51.22=875.6 H2O.

, , 975.6 100 = 875.6 .

3.3.5

1. 20%- 250 90%- , 50%- ?

. ( ). : (50%). (90 20%), (9050 = 40% 5020 = 30%). :

, , . 20%- ,

,

, 3x =1000 =333,3 . , 50%- 250 90%- 333.3 20%- .

2. 6N Na 4.5 0,8N , ?

. 4,5 0.8N 4.5×0.8 = 3.6 . 6N ,. : 3.6 + 6 . 4.5 + . , 2 , . .:

; x =1.35.

3.3.6 ,

1. 10%- H2SO4 100 13.7%- Na2CO3 (r=1.145 ×-3)?

. 100 114.5

114.5×0.137=15.68 Na2CO3.

Na2CO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 +CO2 + H2O

, , Na2CO3 H2SO4 106 98 ×-1:

.

10%- H2SO4 .

2. 35%- (= 0,94 ×-3) 33 (NH4)2S04?

. 17 132 × -1, .

2NH3 + H2SO4 = (NH4)2SO4

, 33 (NH4)2S04

.

, 35%-

.

3. 32,5%- N3 ( = 0,888 /3) (N4)2S04 250 27,3%- 2S04 ( = 1,2 /3)?

. 250×1,2 = 300. 27.3%, , .

2NH3 + H2SO4 = (NH4)2SO4

, : . 32.5%,

. .

3.3.7

1. , (II) 10%- uS04 ( = 1.107 /3).

. uS04:

×-1, ×-1.

100 10%- 10 uS04 90 . uSO4

/ H2O.

uSO4 1 . , 100 10%- uSO4 . 10%-

3.

/0.7.

 

(II), 1 .

1 uSO4 2 . ,

/ = 1.4 N.

2. 10%- Na23, 1.202 /3.

. Na23:

×-1, ×-1

100 10%- N203 , 10%- 100 3.

/ = 1.04.

1 Na203 2 Na203,

/ = 2.08N.

3.3.8

1. 30%- N03

( == 1.18 /3) 20 0.5 ?

. (1.8), , 20 0.5 :

 

; .

30%- HNO3 100 30 HNO3, 630 HNO3 . ,

 

3 = 1.78

 

, 20 0,5 N3, 1.78 30%- .

2. 9.5%- N23 ( = 1,10 /3) 100 3%- ?

. . , N203 .

, 3% :

,

3().

3.3.9

1. 0.1N 0.5 0.3N ?

. ,

 

.

2. , 0.035 0.3N H3PO4 0,02 .

. , . 0.035×0.03= 0.0105 H3PO4. , ..

N

3.4

3.4.1 1

( ), g (%.) ( 3.1).

3.1 1

g, , %
  K2CO3 H2SO4 HCl KOH AgNO3 K2Cr2O7 KMnO4 KCl MnSO4 H4P2O7 NaClO4 NaCl HClO4 H2O2 Ba(NO3)2 KI NaOH H3BO3 HNO3 CH3COOH CuSO4 ZnSO4 CdSO4 KNO3 NaPO3 Na2SO3 Na2S2O3 Na2CO3 KOH NH4Cl   8.0 20.0 15.0 17.5 3.5 10.0 5.0 10.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 12.0 7.5 1.0 2.0 6.0 5.0 1.0 25.0 78.0 25.0 33.0 25.0 20.0 17.5 45.0 34.0 15.0 8.0 3.0

 

 

3.4.2 2

( ), V c r (% .) ( 3.2).

3.2 2

V, , % r, /3
  NH4OH AlCl3 NaOH CaCl3 Na2CO3 CH3COOH KOH HClO4 K2CO3 K2Cr2O7 AgNO3 CuSO4 ZnCl2 H3PO4 Na2SO4 KI Fe2(SO4)3 BaCl2 HNO3 CuSO4 FeCl3 Na2S2O3 CdSO4 HCl KBr ZnCl2 Al2(SO4)3 LiOH K2Cr2O7 NaBO3   20.0 8.0 50.0 40.0 4.0 8.0 5.1 67.0 50.0 8.0 20.0 4.0 60.0 35.5 8.0 50.0 4.0 4.0 27.0 8.0 50.0 40.0 4.0 13.5 40.0 8.0 20.0 4.0 4.0 20.0 0.923 1.071 1.525 1.395 1.039 1.010 1.045 1.635 1.540 1.055 1.194 1.040 1.568 1.220 1.072 1.545 1.033 1.084 1.160 1.084 1.551 1.382 1.547 1.065 1.374 1.071 1.226 1.043 1.026 1.220

 

3.4.3 3

( ), V ( 3.3).

 

3.3 3

V, , /
  HCl AlCl3 Sr(NO3)2 K2Cr2O7 LiOH NaHCO3 H3BO3 KClO3 Na2S CH3COOH Co(NO3)2 KBrO3 KCl HCl HNO3 NaClO4 (NH4)2CO3 Na2SO4 AlCl3 H2S Na2Cr2O7 SnCl2 NaH2PO4 MgSO4 CuBr2 KCN NH4CNS AgNO3 HCl AlCl3   0.15 0.30 0.25 0.18 0.31 0.20 0.10 0.31 0.15 0.50 1.00 0.50 0.20 7.00 11.00 1.50 2.00 0.17 0.20 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.15 0.20 1.50 0.25 0.15 0.20 0.35

 

 

3.4.4 4

, (% .) r ( 3.4).

 

 

3.4 4

% . r, /3
  NaOH CuSO4 CdSO4 BaCl2 HCl Na2S2O3 FeCl3 HNO3 Fe2(SO4)3 KI Na2SO4 H3PO4 ZnCl2 CuSO4 AgNO3 K2Cr2O7 K2CO3 HClO4 AlCl3 KBr H2SO4 H3PO4 HNO3 HClO4 LiNO3 KNO3 NaNO3 RbNO3 K2SO4 NaOH 50.0 8.0 40.0 4.0 13.5 40.0 50.0 27.0 4.0 50.0 50.0 35.5 50.0 4.0 20.0 8.0 50.0 67.0 8.0 40.0 70.0 70.0 19.5 25.0 56.0 25.0 10.0 30.0 10.0 30.0 1.525 1.083 1.547 1.034 1.065 1.382 1.551 1.160 1.033 1.545 1.545 1.220 1.568 1.040 1.194 1.055 1.540 1.635 1.071 1.374 1.616 1.513 1.115 1.160 1.427 1.170 1.067 1.257 1.081 1.525

 

3.5

1. ?

2. ? .

3. ?

4. ?

5. ? .

6. ? .

7. ? .

8. ?

9. .

4

- . , , , .

, .

[3], . , .

. . :

, , ;

;

;

;

;

( ).

,

. 3 .

4.1

1. () .

2. .

3. () .

4. .

5. .

.

)

1 , . . : / . . . 16- ., . . .: - , 2010. - 896 .

 

)

1 , . . : / . . , . . . - .: , 2007. - 624 .

2 : / . . [ .], . . . , . . , . . . - 5- ., . - .: , 2002. - 384 .

3 - / . . . , . . . - 11- ., . . - .: -book, 2009. - 240 .

4 / . . . . - .: , 2003. 255 .

5 , . . : / . . . - .: , 1986. - 543 .

6 , . . : . / . . . - .: , 2007. - 557 .

7 , . . : . . / . . . - .: -, 2006. - 265 .

 

()

 

 

-

( )

 





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