- :
1. . , .
Mn+4O2 + 4HCl-1→Mn+2Cl2 + Cl20 +2H2O,
Mn+4+ 2 →Mn+2 | - (Mn+4- ) |
2Cl--2 →Cl20 | - (Cl-- ) |
2. -. , .
2KMn+7O4-2→ K2Mn+6O4 + Mn+4O2 + O20,
Mn+7 , O-2 .
Mn+7 + → Mn+6 | - | ||
Mn+7 + 3 → Mn+4 | |||
2O-2 4 → O20 | - |
3. (), -. , .
Cl20 + 2KOH → KCl-1 + KCl+1O + H2O,
Cl20 .
Cl0 + →Cl-1 | - | |
Cl0- → Cl+1 | - |
.
.. .
. . ( ) , , , .
:
Fe0 + S0 = Fe+2S-2 ( ),
S0 + O2 = S+4O2-2( ).
. (2, Cl2). , . ,
Cl20 + H20 = 2H+1Cl-1
, HCl . :
2Na0 + H20 = 2Na+1H-1.
, , . 1. , . . .
(, N, Ar) , , ( ).
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. - ( ). , , (KMnO4, HNO3, K2CrO4, K2Cr2O7 ..).
, :
2Fe+2l2 + Cl20 = 2Fe+3Cl3-1 (Fe+2 - );
Fe+2O + C+2O = Fe0 + CO2+4 (Fe+2 - ).
. , 2FeO4 .
, (, Cl1, Br1, S2, I1), .
, .
, II , . ( 1 , 7 8 ).
, . , IV , , . . .
, , . , - .
, , (Fe2, Cl2, Br2, I2), Mn+4O2, KMn+7O4, K2Mn+6O4, ( ) Cr+6O3, K2Cr+6O4, K2Cr2+6O7, HN+5O3 , 2, 3, 22, 2S+64, (II) u+2, Ag2+1O, b+42, (, NaCl-1O) .
. : , , +2, 2S-2, S+42, 2S+43 , ( HF), (II) Sn+2Cl2, (II) Fe+2SO4.
, , . , , , - , , , . .
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: Hal2 | Hal20 + 2 → 2 Hal-1 |
2 | O20 + 4 → 2O-2 |
(S,P,N2) | 0 + z → -z |
: HCl, H2SO4 (, NO3) . . (+). | 2+ + 2 → 20 |
H2SO4.(S+6) | S+6 + 2 → S+4 (SO2, H2SO3) S+6 + 6 → S0 (S↓) S+6 + 8 → S-2 (H2S ) |
HNO3 . HNO3 . (N+5) | N+5 + → N+4 (NO2) N+5 + 2 → N+3(N2O3, HNO2) N+5 + 3 → N+2 (NO) N+5 + 4 → N+1 (N2O) N+5 + 5 → N0 (N2) N+5 + 8 → N-3(NH3, NH4+ ) |
KMnO4(Mn+7) | Mn+7 + 5 → Mn+2 (pH < 7) Mn+7 + 3 → Mn+4 (pH = 7) Mn+7 + → Mn+6 (pH > 7) |
K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 (Cr+6) | Cr+6 + 3 → Cr+3 Cr+3 pH < 7 Cr(OH)3, CrO2-- pH > 7 |
H2O2 | 2O- + 2 → 2O-2 |
(Fe+3, Sn+4, . .) | Fe+3 + → Fe+2 Sn+4 + 2 → Sn+2 |
: () | Me0- n → Me+n |
2 | H2-2 → 2H+ |
(S,C,P,) | S0- 4 → S+4 P0- 5 → P+5 C0- 4 → C+4 |
: H2S, Na2S2O3 | S-2- 2 → S0 |
Hal | 2Hal-- 2 → Hal20 |
(Fe+2, Sn+2, Cr+3 ..) | Fe+2- → Fe+3 Sn+2- 2 → Sn+4 Cr+3- 3 → Cr+6 |
HNO2 . | N+3- 2 → N+5 |
H2SO3 . | S+4- 2 → S+6 |
H2O2 | 2O2-- 2 → 2O- |
, - (), , .
-.
1. . , , .
, , , . , . . .
:
1) :
K2Cr2+6O7 + K2S+4O3 + H2SO4 → Cr2+3(SO4)3 + K2S+6O4 +H2O.
:
Cr2+6→ Cr2+3
S+4→ S+6
2) . , , . , :
Cr2+6 +6 → Cr2+3
S+4- 2 → S+6
:
Cr2+6 +6 → Cr2+3 | |||
S+4- 2 → S+6 |
3) :
1K2Cr2O7 + 3K2SO3 + H2SO4 → 1Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 +H2O.
( 1 ; K2SO4, .. S+6 .)
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4) :
K2Cr2O7 + 3K2SO3 + 4H2SO4 → Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 +4H2O.
5) .
, .
2. . , , , , , ( , ). - , , : , , , , - . ( , ). , , , .
- - .
(, , ), , , , , ( + -, 2).
:
1. , , , .
2. .
3. ; , 2, + -.
4. ; .
5. ( ) , , , , .
6. .
7. .
, - , .
2+ , , +. , - (2-), 2- -- , - 2- +.
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. , :
KMnO4 + KNO2 + H2SO4 MnSO4 + KNO3 + K2SO4 + H2O.
. , , , , :
MnO4- + NO2- + 2H+ Mn2+ + N3-+ H2O
(K+ SO42- , ). , - (MnO4-) Mn2+- . :
MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 4H2O.
:
Dq = +2 - 7 = -5.
- , 5 :
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5 Mn2+ + 4H2O.
, NO2- NO3-, , 2 :
NO2- + H2O- 2 NO3- + 2H+.
:
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5 Mn2+ + 4H2O | 2 | (), |
NO2- + H2O - 2 NO3- + 2H+ | 5 | (). |
2, - 5 , - :
2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5NO2- + 5H2O = 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5NO3- + 10H+.
, - :
2MnO4- + 5NO2- + 6H+ = 2Mn2+ + 5NO3- + 3H2O.
:
2KMnO4 + 5KNO2 + 3H2SO4 = 2MnSO4 + 5KNO3 + K2SO4 + 3H2O.