, , . , . . . , , . . , , . . .
, , . , :
2 + 1/22 = 2 + 285,8 ,
:
2 + 1/22 = 2, Δ0298 = 285,8 .
. , 1 , :
2Al + 3/2O2 = Al2O3,Δ0298 = -1675,8 .
: , , , , .. (, 2, 2, 298), .
1 , , . , -285,8 / , 1 (18) -285,8 . f ( . formation): Δf Δ.
, , . . . , 2, . 3 +142/, 142 .
, Δ0, - Δf0. , , 100 , ( ) 1 /. 100 298 .
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, , . . - . Δr Δ.
( -) , , , ,
2 +2 = 22, Δ0298 = -566,02
22 = 2+2, Δ0298 = 566,02
, , , . , , .
(. . , 1841 ), :
.
, . :
1. , 1 , , 2 :
2NaOH() + H2SO4() = Na2SO4() + 2H2O, Δ1 = -131,4 .
2. , 1 , 1 :
NaOH() + H2SO4() = NaHSO4() + H2O, Δ2 = -61,7
NaOH() + NaHSO4() = Na2SO4() + H2O, Δ3 = -69,7
, , . , , , , (-61,7 + (-69,7) = -131,4 ). , :
, , .
, , , . , , , ..
, :
D H 1 + D H 2 + D H 3 + D H 4 = 0
, , , .
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, - . .
+ 1/2 2 =
, (II), (IV). , (283 /) (393,5 /).
(1) | + 2 = 2, | Δ1 = -393,5 |
(2) | + 1/22 = , | Δ2 = |
(3) | + 1/22 = 2, | Δ3 = -283,0 |
, (2) (3), (1), , :
Δ1 = Δ2 + Δ3,
:
Δ2 = Δ1-Δ3 = 393,5 - (-283,0) = -110,5 .
. , , .
NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl, Δ..,
Δ, , . 2.4.
Δ1 | 1/2N2 + 3/2H2 1/2H2 + 1/2Cl2 | Δ3 |
Δ2 | Δ.. | |
NH3 + HCl | NH4Cl |
. 2.4.
, ..:
Δ.. = Δ1 + Δ2 +Δ3.
, Δ3 , , Δ1 Δ2 , ( -). :
Δ.. = Δ(NH4Cl) - Δ(NH3)-Δ(HCl).
. , 2 4, (.2.5):
C + 2H2 = CH4, Δ..
Δ 1 | 2 22 | Δ 3 |
Δ2 | Δ.. | |
+ 22 | 4 |
. 2.5
, ..:
Δ.. = Δ1 + Δ2 +Δ3.
Δ1 Δ2 , Δ3 , , :
Δ.. = Δ() + 2Δ(2) - Δ(4).
:
:
:
1:
,
2Mg + CO2 = 2MgO + C.
:
, :
ΔH(Mg) = 0 /, ΔH() = 0 /.
O2 MgO -393,5 -601,8 /.
ΔH.. = 2Δ(MgO) + Δ(C) 2Δ(Mg) Δ(CO2)
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ΔH.. = 2Δ(MgO) Δ(CO2) = 2(-601,8) - (-393,5) = -810,1 .
: -810,1
, .
, : 2 = 2, - = Δ0.
2:
-?
:
2, (0 217,9 / ):
2() = 2()
Δ0 = 2Δ0() Δ0(2) = 2217,9 0 = 435,8 /
- = Δ = 435,8 /
: 435,8 /.
, .
3:
HBr, HBr 2Br2 .
:
, HBr( H-Br), :
2 = 2, Δ1 = 435,88 /,
Br2 = 2Br, Δ2 = 223,6 /,
Br + H = HBr, ΔH-Br = /,
1/2H2 + 1/2Br2 = HBr, Δ3 = -35, 97 /.
, , :
Δ3 = 1/2Δ1 + 1/2Δ2 ΔH-Br.
:
ΔH-Br = 1/2Δ1 + 1/2Δ2 Δ3.
ΔH-Br = 1/2435,88 + 1/2223,6 (-35,97) = 365,71 /.
: ΔH-Br =365,71 /.
. , , . , , . , , .
, , . . , . , , . , , :
(/),
(/(ʷ)),
m .
, 1 1.
. , . ,
6126 + 62 = 62 + 62
2816 . . . , .
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. , : . , , :
, , .