- - : (-) (+) . . : (-) (+) ; (-) (+) ( 15 ). . . 300 (F) () : (-) . . F (+) . . F; (-) . . (+) . . ( 22 ). 300 : (-) . F (+) . F; (-) . (+) . ( 22 -
2 - , - . .
. 38
1. . . ( )
* .
** , .
*** , 300.
**** 1-4- .
). t - . t - SPSS 8.0.
, (F 3.116 = 5.221, =. 002) (F 3.116 = 7.259, =. 000) . : 1- 3- ( =.036 =. 007) 1- 4- ( =. 007 =.001); 1- 4-: 1/2 - =.627 =
. 39
. 1. , , .
(+) (+) - .
(-) (-) - .
=.190 ; 2/3 - =.441 =. 592 ; 3/4 - =. 951 =. 903 .
- , . (-), (+), .. . . 1 . , (5) (3) : ) ; ) , ; ) .
|
|
. 1 ( )
2. , ,
t | df | |||
(-) /(+) | 1- | 5.302 | .000 | |
2- | 3.552 | .003 | ||
3- | 4.096 | .001 | ||
4- | 1.608 | .130 | ||
(-) /(+) | 1- | 3.188 | .007 | |
2- | 4.356 | .001 | ||
3- | 3.130 | .007 | ||
4- | 3.001 | .010 |
, , 4 . , , . 2, 4- .
300
. . 300, , , . . . 300, , (F 3.172 = 26.759, =.000) (F 3.172 = 42.399, =. 000) . . . 300, , (F 3.172 = 27.931, =. 000) (F 3.172 = 23.660, =. 000) . (. 3) , . . 300 2- ; . . 3 . . 300 3- .
300
, . . 300, , ; . . 300, . . . 300, , , . 1 ( ). , :
1. . . 300 , , . 9 ( 11) . . 300, . . 2 . , 1- . . 300, , , , . . . 300, , -
. 40
3. . . , , *
|
|
( =.05) | ||||||
4- | 305.682 | |||||
3- | 307.296 | |||||
2- | 315.864 | |||||
1- | 345.432 | |||||
=. 258 | p= 1.000 | |||||
4- | 307.091 | |||||
3- | 308.296 | |||||
2- | 334.477 | |||||
1- | 354.082 | |||||
=. 996 | p= 1.000 | p= 1.000 | ||||
1- | 347.659 | |||||
2- | 375.341 | |||||
3- | 376.659 | |||||
4- | 376.864 | |||||
= 1.000 | =. 984 | |||||
1- | 350.409 | |||||
2- | 359.773 | |||||
3- | 375.364 | |||||
4- | 377.886 | |||||
p=.111 | p=.931 |
* . . 300 .
4. . . 300, . . ,
/ | t | df | / | t | df | ||||
1- | 3- | ||||||||
(-) .. F/(+) .. F | 4.296 | .000 | (-) .. F/(+) .. F | 1.436 | .166 | ||||
(-) .. /(+) .. | 7.287 | .000 | (-) .. /(+) .. | 1.143 | .266 | ||||
(-) .. F/(+) .. F | 6.685 | .000 | (-) .. F/(+) .. F | .190 | .851 | ||||
(-) .. /(+) .. | 5.352 | .000 | (-) .. /(+) .. | 5.295 | .000 | ||||
2- | 4- | ||||||||
(-) .. F/(+) .. F | 1.772 | .091 | (-) .. F/(+) .. F | .167 | .869 | ||||
(-) .. /(+) .. | 4.242 | .000 | (-) .. /(+) .. | 1.022 | .319 | ||||
(-) .. F/(+) .. F | 1.741 | .096 | (-) .. F/(+) .. F | .062 | .951 | ||||
(-) .. /(+) .. | 5.212 | .000 | (-) .. /(+) .. | .339 | .738 |
, - . . 300.
2. . . 300, .
3. . . . 5 7 - .
, . . 300, , , . . 300, , , (. 2, 3). . . 300
|
|
. 41
. 2. 300 , ( ) ( ), (. ).
F3 - , . 3 - , . - , , ; - , , . 50 . , 1-, 2- 4- . .
(. 4). . . 300 , . . 300 2- , . . 300 - 3- 4- .
. 3. 300 ( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) , , . - . . 300, ; - . . 300, . - . . 300 , - .
300
300 , , . , ( =.07), , ( =.055). , t - , 300 , - 300, : t = 6.086, df = 175, =.000; 300, : t = 3.926, df = 175, p =.000.
, , 300. (). , 300 , ? . , -
. 42
" ", "", "" [8, 17, 26, 27, 59, 64 .]. " , , , " [59, . 598] " " [8, . 129]. , , 300, . , . [26] . , , - , - . , 300, " - ", " - ". [49] , 300, n, , , n + 1.
|
|
. . 300 , [8, 49, 60, 61]. , 300 , , . ? , , 300, [25, 26]. , . , , 300 . . . 300 [19, 25, 60]. , 300, , . , . , 300. "" , . . , , . "" , "" , , , 300 [26].
, "" "" . , , , . , 300 ? 300 , 300 , . , , 300, [47], [41] [51]. , , , - 300 , , - . , 300 [58]. , , . . 300 (., , [44]).
, 300, . . , ,
. 43
- 300 , . , , . () () [3, 4]. , 300, , . . , 300 .
|
|
, . , 300 . [20,43, 53], [1]. , , [31] [45]. , , , - [6]. , . (., , [31]).
: ? . . 300 , , , . ? -, [62] , - , [53] 3. , . , , [36]. ("looking back" - ), - ("looking forward" - ), , . , , " " [54], " " [35], " " [29]. -, 300 () [44, 53] , , . . 300 [32]. () , , . . 300, , , . . 300, . , 300 (., , [41]), 300 . -, , [31]. . , , , 300, , [49]. , 260 409 , , U- , , .. , , -
3 , [19, 20, 39].
. 44
310 [65, . 2]. , , , -, , . , , : ) , -, [38]; , , , 180-200 , " - " [37]; ) [21]; [34]. , , . , - , . , . . 300, , , , , , .