. I .
1. .
. .
m n , m n .
:
, m=n.
, , , , .
, 0, .
, , 0, .
, .
, 1, .
, 0, .
, 0.
, 0.
, . .
, : C = + .
: + = + , ( + ) + = A + (B + C), + 0 = A, + (-A) = 0, A, B, C.
: - = + (-).
: C = AB.
AE = EA = A, AO = OA = O, (AB)D = A(BD), (AB) = ( A)B = A( B), (A + B)D=AD + BD, D(A + B) = DA + DB ( , ).
B, ,
, .
.
,
.
1) .
2) , () .
3) .
4) , 2 0.
5) , () 0.
6) 2 (), -1.
7) , () (), .
8) 0.