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5.




(. - - ).

; (Participle I) , , (Participle II) , (), . :

1. Their group studied phenomena occurring in collision processes.

2. The article deals with the events accompanying solar flares.

3. The underlying mechanism is not easy to understand.

4. The presented experimental results are in full agreement with the theory.

5. The information collected in this review is valuable to us.

6. The idea advanced deserved special attention.

1. , , . , , , (. 6).

(Participle I) , . :

1. Thinking about this strange effect I suppose the interference of neighboring ions. ( , ).

2. Rearranging the lenses of his telescope, Galileo found that he could magnify close objects. ( , , ).

3. Having completed the literature review she began working with the experimental part of her thesis. ( , ).

4. Having been educated at Cambridge, he was acquainted with many outstanding physicists of his time. ( , ).

: when, while ; if ; whenever , ; unless ; until ; though ; once , ; : When discussing the dangerous situation the committee members proposed to take some preventive measurers.

, : 1) , : , .; 2) : ; 3) : , .

1. :

1. When exposed to light, this substance decomposes.

2. When subjected to ionizing radiation, these cells become dead.

3. When heated, this mixture expands.

4. If added to the solution, that reagent changed its color.

5. Until grown to a big size, this fruit cannot be eaten.

6. Unless remained significantly cheaper than wood, coal could not compete with it.

7. Once established, that theory clarified the nature of inorganic molecules.

8. Though commonly used, the concept of word has not been given a satisfactory definition yet.

2. give, provide, grant, , : Given , , , , ; Providing / Provided , ; ; Granted . : 1) Given the necessary parameters one can easily make a curve; 2) Given the 15-foot tides that sometimes accompany hurricanes, Houstons Space Center could be awash in ten years.

: , , (. II, 3), . : 1) I saw him cross the street. I saw him crossing the street. 2) The UNESCO delegation is reported to have left Nigeria. The UNESCO delegation is reported leaving Nigeria.

, (Absolute Participle Construction). , , , ; , , , : My chief being on a sick leave, I had to make a decision myself. ( , ).

; , . . ( ) , , , , . ( ), , , , .

2. :

1. Fuel demand rising all the time, natural gas is unlikely to oust other forms of fuel.

2. There being a great demand for firewood, coal was substituted as a power source.

3. The waterway coal transportation being cheaper, a network of canals was constructed.

4. Water being drawn from the ground at a rate faster than nature can replenish the supply, land is dropping. Demands for water being moderate, no land subsidence occurs.

5. Continental drift is still continuing, with individual plates traveling at rates from one-half inch to four inches per year.

6. The clepsydra, or water-clock, consisted of a basin with a hole, through which water flowed at a given rate, the falling level being marked with a scale of hours inside the vessel.

7. Polluted air is associated with various types of respiratory complains, important among these being chronic bronchitis and lung cancer.

8. The death rate shows a marked regional difference, high rates being associated with the dirty atmosphere of the industrial cities.

9. According to this model, an observer standing on the surface of the balloon would see all other observers moving away from him, the velocity of their flight increasing with their distance from him.

3. with, (. 5).

3. , .

1. The rapidly growing interest and activity in brain research parallels an energetic, worldwide investigation in genetics.

2. The work of the neuroscientists has resulted in improved and promising new techniques.

3. The young Copernicus studied a little of everything, including medicine. While a student in Bologna, he worked with Professor Domenico Maria da Novara, a famous astronomer.

4. Michael Faraday came from a simple Yorkshire family, his father being a blacksmith, and his brother Robert working as a gas fitter.

5. Having taken full notes of these lectures, he copied them out in beautiful style, bound the sheets as a book, and sent the volume to Sir Humphry.

6. Those quasars are the most distant objects known.

7. When assigned to a flight crew, the astronaut really gets busy.

8. One of the most damaging earthquakes in modern times (1755) destroyed vast areas of Lisbon, the energy released by the earth on that occasion being something like 1,000 megatons.

9. Through his lenses van Leeuwenhoek actually saw blood moving through capillaries in the tail of a tadpole.

10. While carrying on his studies of electromagnetism, he discovered a momentary current of electricity flowed in a wire whenever a magnet approached or receded from it.

11. The two sciences, biochemistry (the study of the chemical reactions going in living tissues) and biophysics (the study of the physical forces and phenomena involved in living processes), merged to form a brand new discipline molecular biology.

12. The purpose of the meeting was to review the wealth of information concerning Mars and to criticize the many different theories being built on that information.

13. With the help of new equipment we plan to look at the isotopes, the trace elements and the individual mineral grains, applying chemical and mineralogical techniques never before available.

14. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge expanding, lateral cracks called fracture zones appeared in the seabed.

15. According to the sagas, only fourteen ships arrived safely in Greenland, some beingwrecked in passage and others being driven back to Iceland by wind and weather.

16. Making use of advances in seismology, scientists can now study the pattern of seismic activity before an earthquake.

17. Dust, when inhaled over long periods of time, can be highly dangerous.

18. Faced with a shortage of animal food, Paleolithic man had to move on or die off or change the basis of his economy.

6.

(Gerund) , . (coming , ; entering , ; getting ..). , , ; , , .

(. II, 4). , (Gerund) (Participle I) . ing , , , . : on coming home; Dad's coming home; his coming home.

: , . : 1) I like to work in the reading room (); 2) One can learn a lot by reading (); 3) My coming was a surprise to her (); 4) She was surprised at my coming ().

, , . , , , , , : My coming home at noon was a surprise to her. (, , ). : , , -. :

1. I am fond of giving presents. ( );

2. I am fond of being given presents. ( , );

3. You are responsible for having given him that job. ( , );

4. I am sorry for having been given such a small scholarship. (, ).

, , : 1) Dr Blumes being elected chairman ; 2 ) His being invited to the conference ; 3) This device being suitable for many purposes . , , , : , - , .

1. , : 1) I cannot help (doing it) () ( ); 2)I look forward to (hearing from you) ( ); 3) It is worth ` ; 4) It is no good `, ; 5) It is no use ; 6) There is no point in , ; 7) Would you mind (doing) (), ; 8) Would you mind my (doing) ().

2. , ing (interesting, fascinating, etc) (beginning,building, feeling,meaning, etc). , (a / the building, buildings).

. , .

1. By heating certain types of stone with charcoal copper was produced before 3000 B.C.

2. This is not a question of applying scientific discoveries, but of devising a plan for science that would combine research with its application in such a way that the whole moves forward.

3. Less remote is the chance of a comets head crashing into Earth.

4. Some climatologists suggest that dust and other particles released into the atmosphere as a result of farming and fuel burning may be blocking more and more sunlight from reaching and heating the surface of the earth.

5. Learning how to survive in the jungle or the desert may seem out of place in training for space flight.

6. One group of substances for example, salt, lead, water remained basically unchanged after being heated.

7. On being heated, this material turned into a white substance.

8. Finding the key to the mysteries of the brain could lead to better ways of treating psychoses and neuroses.

9. After a year of running errands, delivering newspapers, shop- sweeping and window- cleaning, young Michael Faraday was apprenticed as a bookbinder in the same shop.

10. I never found that the small amount of Greek I learned was a hindrance to my acquiring some knowledge of natural philosophy.

11. For working out the theory of radioactive disintegration of elements, for determining the nature of alpha-particles, for devising the nuclear atom, Rutherford was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in chemistry.

12. No energy is entirely lost. Thompson showed it by giving instances of energy being transformed in all the major branches of physics, such as mechanics, heat, electrostatics and magnetism.





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