For + / + (For-to-Infinitive Construction)
, , , for. :
1. It is for you to decide. ( / );
2. The first thing for me to do is to follow the instruction. (, , ./ , );
3. It is necessary for the samples to be kept in vacuum. (, ./ ).
4. The results are too uncertain for us to rely on them. ( , ).
5. For the experiment not to fail we must meet all the requirements. ( , ).
(Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction)
(Complex Object) , . -. :
1. I want him to understand the main purpose of the project. ( , ).
2. We believe them to make contributions to the next conference. ( , ).
3. I heard the door bang. ( , ).
(consider, know, think, etc), (expect, like, want, etc), (feel, see, watch, etc). (Perfect Infinitive) ; (Continuous Infinitive) ; (Passive Infinitive) , , ; - (Perfect Passive Infinitive) , , . :
1. We know him to have written his doctors thesis.
2. We know him to be writing a new book.
3. We know him to be given a prize.
4. We know him to have been given a very good training.
(Subjective-with-the-Infinitive Construction)
. , , , . . :
1. Their group is known to work hard. (, . / , , ).
2. He is said to be writing a monograph. (, () ).
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3. Alpha-rays were found to be positively charged. ( , - ).
, , ( , , ).
: seem, appear (); prove, turn out (); happen, chance ( ). : be likely (, ); be unlikely, be not likely (, ); be sure, be certain (, ). :
1. She seems to be a good doctor.
2. They seem to have found a good assistant.
3. You appeared to be right in the end.
4. He happened to have visited that place before.
5. This approach proved (to be) fruitful.
6. The transformation is likely to occur after heating.
7. Dr Roberts is unlikely to take part in this project.
8. We are sure to invite them to the seminar.
9. The historical shortages of large animal food, of manpower, and of wood proved beneficial for humankind in the long run.
. to be prove (. 5, 9).
. , :
1. Empirical knowledge was systematized in astronomy so as to make possible the prediction of future events.
2. Astronomical observations were used to construct a calendar.
3. The Greeks were the first to conceive science as a body of knowledge deducible from a limited number of principles.
4. In order to be a good biologist now, you have to know quite a lot of modern physics and a great deal of chemistry.
5. To develop the memory elements of newer computers needs a great deal of physics, but their lay-out and set-up are really pure mathematics.
6. The Arab period of science is said to date from the eighth century to the twelfth century.
7. They believed that there was a terrific body of knowledge of Ancient Greeks which ought to beknown and ought to be examinedto see whether it could be interpreted and improved.
8. The controlled experiment came a good deal later and some of the first and best experiments to be discussed now were those made by Galileo.
9. To be more accurate, what he really did was to discover which of the laws that had seemed to mathematicians to be equally good theoretically, was the one which nature actually used.
10. The deeper understanding of the mechanisms of living organisms may turn out to be the most far-reaching discoveries of all.
11. The invention of the coiled spring was attributed at first to a young Nuremberg clockmaker, Peter Hele, in the early sixteenth century, but it is now believed to have been in existence in Italy as early as 1400.
12. The next few years of hard work at the Royal Institution showed Faraday to be a good scientist.
4.
, . ( Participle I, Present Participle) ( Participle II, Past Participle).
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(Participle I) , ( / ) ( / ).
| Active | Passive | |
| Simple / Indefinite | asking (giving) | being asked (being given) |
| Perfect | having asked (having given) | having been asked (having been given) |
(Participle II) , (Past Simple, e.g. asked, developed, translated); (give gave given; begin began begun; cut cut cut, etc.).
