1. Rents will be sufficient to cover costs.
2. Successful companies are becoming market driven, adapting their products to fit customers requests.
3. These measures were designed to strengthen the companys market position.
IV. . .
1. Delays in construction could increase costs significantly.
2. The carrier may exercise a lien on the cargo for the unpaid freight.
3. Managers have to measure the performance of their staff.
V. articiple I articiple II. .
1. Workers have to be closely supervised and controlled, and told what to do.
2. The electricity bill may be paid in cash or by cheque.
3. The price of shares has risen heavily today.
VI. . 1, 2.
Advertising
1. Advertising informs consumers about the existence and benefits of products and services, and persuades to buy them. Most companies use advertising agencies to produce their advertising. They give the agency a statement of the objectives of the advertising campaign and a budget. The agency creates advertisements (or ads), and develops a media plan specifying which media newspapers, magazines, the Internet, radio, television, cinema, posters, mail, etc. will be used and in which proportions.
2. It is always difficult to know how much to spend on advertising. Increased ad spending can increase sales, but many companies just spend a fixed percentage of current sales revenue, or simply spend as much as their competitors. On the other hand, lots of creative and expensive advertising campaigns, including television commercials that lots of people see and remember, and which win prizes awarded by the advertising industry for the best ads, dont lead to increased sales.
3. Advertising is considered to be important for launching new consumer products. Combined with sales promotions such as free samples, price reductions and competitions, advertising may generate the initial trial of a new product. But traditional advertising is expensive, it doesnt always reach the target customers. This is why the best form of advertising has always been word-of-mouth advertising: people telling their friends about good products and services.
VII. , :
A) (true)
B) (false)
C) (no information)
1. Advertising always reaches the target customers.
2. Lots of creative and expensive advertising campaigns dont lead to increased sales.
3. Companies wont use advertising in a few centuries.
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VIII. 1 :
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What do most companies give to advertising agencies?
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I. (1 - 10). (a j), .
| 1. rise | a) to increase in amount or number |
| 2. target | b) a return to a normal state of strength or economic activity |
| 3. transaction | c) a result that a business or an organization tries to achieve |
| 4. withdraw | d) the profit that a company makes |
| 5. job application | e) a piece of business that is done between two people, especially an act of buying or selling |
| 6. purchase | f) the activity of keeping an accurate record of the accounts of a business |
| 7. recovery | g) to take money out of a bank account |
| 8. earnings | h) the total value of all goods and services produced by a country in one year |
| 9. bookkeeping | i) formal request, usually in writing, for a job |
| 10.gross domestic product (GDP) | j) to buy something |
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