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1.




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1. 1. ...................3

2. 2. . .....7

3. 3. ...............................15

4. 4. .......................... 22

5. 5. ....................................27

6. 6. ..........................32

7. 7. . ....... 37

8. 8. . ................................................. .........44

9. 9. . .........................................................52

10. ...............................100

11. .............................. 101

 

 


1.

. , . , : , , , . : ( ) ( , ). .

, , --. -- , . , , . , .. , , . . . , , . , , () . , . , , .

( ) , .

() . , , NaCl CsCl.

, . .

, , , , .. ; , , . .

. : , , . ( , , ) .

( ) , . , , , . , , . , N ,

U= , (1.1)

Ui - i- , U(rij) - , rij. ( ) ()

U(r) = U (r) +U(r) . (1.2)

r = r0 U(r) ,

F = - . (1.3)

, F = F .

U = - , α - , m - . m = 1 , m = 6 - . U = , b n >0 - .

U = - . (1.4)

n æ:

æ = - , (1.5)

V- , P- .

,

B = . (1.6)

-

U = , (1.7)

e s - , b,

e = ; s = . (1.8)

, 2N , :

. (1.9)

() . a - , .





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