The second type of global organization is the international nongovernmental organization (INGO), which consists of a group of international organizations established by agreements between the individuals or private organizations comprising its membership. Examples include the World Federation of Trade Unions, the International Planned Parenthood Federation, the International Sociological Association, the International Council of Women, the African Football Confederation, and Greenpeace. Like IGOs, the number of INGOs has increased explosively in recent years from a half dozen in the mid-nineteenth century to 330 in 1914, 730 in 1939, more than 11,000 today. Yet although they are far more numerous than NGOs, INGOs have far less power. Their activities are primarily concerned with promoting the interests of their members at the global level, largely through influencing the United Nations or individual governments. INGOs also engage in research, education, and the dissemination of information by means of international conferences, meetings, and journals.
There is a third type of international organization, but it does not fall neatly into either of these two categories. Transnational organizations are bureaucratic organizations whose operations span national boundaries, but are centrally directed by citizens from a single country. The principal examples are global businesses (sometimes termed transnational corporations) and religious bodies.
International organizations arise, not surprisingly, when nations have a need to interact with one another. As national bor- ders become less capable of containing key economic, cultural, and environmental activities, international organizations can be expected to grow in number and importance. Still, at the present time nations remain the primary actors on the global stage, with international organizations assuming a decidedly secondary role.
Words
| comprising | |
| disseminating | |
| boundary | |
| secondary |
²
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
1. ij be
1. ij be , 䳺-', , .
2. 䳺 be , :
| We areat the lesson now. I want to be a teacher. They wereat home at that time. | . . . |
3. 䳺-' be , , , 䳺 . 䳺 be .
| wasa student five years ago. And now he isa qualified manager. | ' . . |
4. 䳺 be :
) (Continuous) 䳺 (Present Participle):
|
|
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| Wait a minute. She is washing her hair now. (Present Continuous) They were workinghard when 1 returned home. (Past Continuous) Ring me up after 7 o'clock. I'll be learningEnglish from 2 till 7 o'clock. (Future Continuous) | . . , . 7 . 2 7 . |
) - (Passive Voice) 䳺 (Past Participle):
| Paper is madeof wood. (Present Simple Passive) The school was built last year. (Past Simple Passive) Many new houses will be constructed in our area next year. (Future Simple Passive) | . . . |
5. 䳺 be 䳺 ' , , , :
| We are to meet at 8 o'clock in the evening. | ( ). |
6. 䳺 be Present, Past Future Simple:
Present Simple
| I | am 'm | a student. | I | am not | a student. | What | am | I? |
| He She It | is 's | He She It | is not isn't | is | he? she? it? | |||
| We You They | are 're | students. | We You They | are not aren't | students. | are | we? you? they? |
. am + not ain't /eint/, am +not, are + not is + not.
:
Are you a student?
Yes? I am. No, I am not.
Is he a student?
Yes, he is. No, he is not/isn't.
Are they students?
Yes, they are. No, they are not/aren't.
Past Simple
| She It | was | a student. | I He She It | was not wasn't | a student. | What | was | I? he? she? it? |
| We You They | were | students. | We You They | were not weren't | students. | were | we? you? they? |
:
Were you a student?
