4
:
:
:
1. MAC :
MAC | |
1, 11, 21 | D3-97-53-EF-18-C9 |
2, 12, 22 | A6-1B-42-87-0D-F3 |
3, 13, 23 | B2-53-1C-DA-26-8A |
4, 14, 24 | 6E-75-3D-49-28-F1 |
5, 15, 25 | 3B-6A-4F-B2-1C-0E |
6, 16, 26 | 95-36-AD-FC-48-2E |
7, 17, 27 | 1A-48-F2-C5-3D-90 |
8, 18, 28 | 49-2B-CA-58-1D-F7 |
9, 19, 29 | 7A-4B-5F-A6-8D-3C |
10, 20, 30 | 3B-2C-9D-85-3F-E4 |
2. IP , :
IP | () | |
1, 11, 21 | 10.116.37.103 | /8 |
2, 12, 22 | 172.16.37.103 | 255.255.0.0 |
3, 13, 23 | 192.11.65.80 | /28 |
4, 14, 24 | 192.168.1.2 | 255.255.252.0 |
5, 15, 25 | 162.17.25.3 | /13 |
6, 16, 26 | 123.67.10.82 | /15 |
7, 17, 27 | 200.100.13.92 | 255.255.248.0 |
8, 18, 28 | 183.105.28.41 | /16 |
9, 19, 29 | 223.196.68.9 | 255.255.255.0 |
10, 20, 30 | 205.144.83.55 | /26 |
3. ( ), . , . .
IP- (- , . Internet Protocol Address) , IP. , . IP , !
4- IP 32- . IP- (IPv4) ( 0 255), , , 192.168.0.1. ( 128.10.2.30 )
6 IP (IPv6) 128- . (. fe80:0:0:0:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf). (fe80::200:f8ff:fe21:67cf). .
IP- 4 , , , :
128.10.2.30 - ,
10000000 00001010 00000010 00011110 - .
- . , , :
0, , , 3 . 1 126. ( 0 , 127 , .) 216, 224.
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10, 28 - 216. 16 , 2 .
110, 28. 24 , - 8 .
1110, D , - multicast. D, , .
11110, , .
, .
TCP/IP , , IP- , . , IP- 12.34.56.78 255.255.255.0 12.34.56.0/24 24 . IPv6 2001:0DB8:1:0:6C1F:A78A:3CB5:1ADD 32 (/32) 2001:0DB8::/32.
IP-. , , IP- , .
, IP- , ( ). , ( IPv6 ):
IP-: | 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010 (192.168.1.2) |
: | 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (255.255.255.0) |
: | 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000 (192.168.1.0) |
. , :
192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
(CIDR). IP- IP-/ . .
IP- 10.96.0.0/11. 11111111 11100000 00000000 00000000, : 255.224.0.0. 11 IP- , 32 11 = 21 . , 10.96.0.0/11 10.96.0.1 10.127.255.254
192.168.1.2. , , 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.0. 192.168.1.1, .
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28 − n ( C), n + 2, .
2 , IP- ( ) ( , )
: C 30 , :
28 - 32 = 224 (0E0h) < = > 255.255.255.224 (0xFFFFFFE0)
:
185.23.44.206 255.255.255.0, , - 185.23.44.0, 185.23.0.0, .
, , 8, .
: IP- 129.64.134.5 255.255.128.0 :
IP- 129.64.134.5 - 10000001. 01000000. 10000110. 00000101
255.255.128.0 - 11111111. 11111111. 10000000. 00000000
IP "-", , , 129.64.134.5 , , 2 - 129.64.0.0, - 0.0.134.5.
, 17 , "" IP-, : 10000001. 01000000. 10000000. 00000000 - 129.64.128.0, 0.0.6.5.
DNS (. Domain Name System ) ( ), , ( ), IP ( ) . DNS TCP/IP.
DNS :
- . , () DNS-.
- . .
- , , , () .
- . () () , , , .
DNS , IP-, ( ) , IP-. , , HTTP-, . IP- HOSTS, . , , DNS.
DHCP (. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ) , IP- , TCP/IP. -. - DHCP, . , . . DHCP ( ) TCP/IP.
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DHCP IP-:
. ( MAC-) IP-. , , ( DHCP), .
. IP- .
. , , , . . IP- , (, , ).
DHCP DNS, , . DNS, RFC 2136.
IP-, DHCP , . DHCP. RFC 2132.
:
IP- ;
;
DNS;
DNS.
, DHCP.
MAC (Media Access Control address) , , . , IEEE RAC (Registration Authority Committee): EUI-48 EUI-64.. B EUI-48 12 , (organizational identifier, OI) , , , . . (NIC) .
MAC IP .
, IP MAC , . MAC - , , - 00:0:86:5s:9d:45:26. . . ( PC Wizard) , . MAC , IP , . , , , IP. MAC , . IP , , , , MAC .
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