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4

 

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:

 

:

1. MAC :

MAC
1, 11, 21 D3-97-53-EF-18-C9
2, 12, 22 A6-1B-42-87-0D-F3
3, 13, 23 B2-53-1C-DA-26-8A
4, 14, 24 6E-75-3D-49-28-F1
5, 15, 25 3B-6A-4F-B2-1C-0E
6, 16, 26 95-36-AD-FC-48-2E
7, 17, 27 1A-48-F2-C5-3D-90
8, 18, 28 49-2B-CA-58-1D-F7
9, 19, 29 7A-4B-5F-A6-8D-3C
10, 20, 30 3B-2C-9D-85-3F-E4

 

2. IP , :

IP ()
1, 11, 21 10.116.37.103 /8
2, 12, 22 172.16.37.103 255.255.0.0
3, 13, 23 192.11.65.80 /28
4, 14, 24 192.168.1.2 255.255.252.0
5, 15, 25 162.17.25.3 /13
6, 16, 26 123.67.10.82 /15
7, 17, 27 200.100.13.92 255.255.248.0
8, 18, 28 183.105.28.41 /16
9, 19, 29 223.196.68.9 255.255.255.0
10, 20, 30 205.144.83.55 /26

 

3. ( ), . , . .

 

IP- (- , . Internet Protocol Address) , IP. , . IP , !

4- IP 32- . IP- (IPv4) ( 0 255), , , 192.168.0.1. ( 128.10.2.30 )

6 IP (IPv6) 128- . (. fe80:0:0:0:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf). (fe80::200:f8ff:fe21:67cf). .

IP- 4 , , , :

128.10.2.30 - ,

10000000 00001010 00000010 00011110 - .

- . , , :

0, , , 3 . 1 126. ( 0 , 127 , .) 216, 224.

10, 28 - 216. 16 , 2 .

110, 28. 24 , - 8 .

1110, D , - multicast. D, , .

11110, , .

, .

TCP/IP , , IP- , . , IP- 12.34.56.78 255.255.255.0 12.34.56.0/24 24 . IPv6 2001:0DB8:1:0:6C1F:A78A:3CB5:1ADD 32 (/32) 2001:0DB8::/32.

IP-. , , IP- , .

, IP- , ( ). , ( IPv6 ):

IP-: 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010 (192.168.1.2)
: 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (255.255.255.0)
: 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000 (192.168.1.0)

. , :

192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1

(CIDR). IP- IP-/ . .

IP- 10.96.0.0/11. 11111111 11100000 00000000 00000000, : 255.224.0.0. 11 IP- , 32 11 = 21 . , 10.96.0.0/11 10.96.0.1 10.127.255.254

192.168.1.2. , , 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.0. 192.168.1.1, .

28 − n ( C), n + 2, .

2 , IP- ( ) ( , )

: C 30 , :

28 - 32 = 224 (0E0h) < = > 255.255.255.224 (0xFFFFFFE0)

:

185.23.44.206 255.255.255.0, , - 185.23.44.0, 185.23.0.0, .

, , 8, .

: IP- 129.64.134.5 255.255.128.0 :

IP- 129.64.134.5 - 10000001. 01000000. 10000110. 00000101

255.255.128.0 - 11111111. 11111111. 10000000. 00000000

IP "-", , , 129.64.134.5 , , 2 - 129.64.0.0, - 0.0.134.5.

, 17 , "" IP-, : 10000001. 01000000. 10000000. 00000000 - 129.64.128.0, 0.0.6.5.

DNS (. Domain Name System ) ( ), , ( ), IP ( ) . DNS TCP/IP.

DNS :

  • . , () DNS-.
  • . .
  • , , , () .
  • . () () , , , .

DNS , IP-, ( ) , IP-. , , HTTP-, . IP- HOSTS, . , , DNS.

DHCP (. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ) , IP- , TCP/IP. -. - DHCP, . , . . DHCP ( ) TCP/IP.

DHCP IP-:

. ( MAC-) IP-. , , ( DHCP), .

. IP- .

. , , , . . IP- , (, , ).

DHCP DNS, , . DNS, RFC 2136.

IP-, DHCP , . DHCP. RFC 2132.

:

IP- ;

;

DNS;

DNS.

, DHCP.

 

MAC (Media Access Control address) , , . , IEEE RAC (Registration Authority Committee): EUI-48 EUI-64.. B EUI-48 12 , (organizational identifier, OI) , , , . . (NIC) .

MAC IP .

, IP MAC , . MAC - , , - 00:0:86:5s:9d:45:26. . . ( PC Wizard) , . MAC , IP , . , , , IP. MAC , . IP , , , , MAC .



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