. , , , - R . ,
n=
V = const : = \ : = G; : Z = 0
1.8.1. ( ) ( . 1.14, ) Vsiny . (Z = 0), (. = const) ( = X) . . Vcosy - G = Y/G
= 1/cosy.
. () , ,
, , . , , .
. , , , . , , , .. (. 2.1) 6; 1, 2 ( ) 9 ( ). ( 7 3) , 5 4 , 8 .
. (. . 1.12.3), >,, , (. 1.9), .
.