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()
( R717)
NH3, 6221.
- . 0,02 /. , , . 30 1 1,5 2,7 / . , , .
. 33,35'. R717 77,8; 0 0,639 /.
( R12) GPW=0.
( R12) =0.
( , , ) 25 26 1,2 (12 /2).
( ), - ( ).
R717 . 11 %, 16 % 26,8 % - . , 22 % .
, , , .
, , ( - ).
.
.
. . R717 .
55 30 , - 60. 40 .
.
()
R12
-12 CF2Cl2 - , 19212. 120,92.
, 20 % . 101,3 (760 ..) 20 5,18 /3, 4,38 . 0 1,39 /. 29,8, 155.
GWP=1.
=1.
, . , .
, .
. , .
, .
: 0,003 % 20 0,006 % 0. , , , .
.
-12 .
. 30 % . .
400 ( ) , () .
, .
, , , , - .
, , , , .
.
()
R22, R134, R142
.1 R22:
-22 CHF2Cl - , 8502. 86,48.
, .
-22 101,3 (760 ..) 20 3,57 /3, 2,8 . 0 1,28 /. 40,8, 160.
( R12) GWP=0,34.
( R12) =0,05.
-22 -12, ( 8 , -12). 8502 -22, , 0,0025 %.
-22 .
.2 R134:
R134 CF3CFH2. 102,0.
. 26,5.
( R12) GWP=0,28 - 0,34.
( R12) =0. .
.3 R142:
CF3ClCH3. 100,49.
. 9,2.
( R12) GWP=0,46.
( R12) =0,05
.
()
.1
(R717) | |||
R12 | -12 | ||
R22 | -22 | ||
R134 | -134 | ||
R12 | -142 |
()
( R717)
.1
, | (/2) | (/2) | |
-50 | 0.040 (0.4168) | 0.462 (4.716) | |
-48 | 0.045 (0.4686) | 0.497 (5.073) | |
-46 | 0.051 (0.5256) | 0.534 (5.450) | |
-44 | 0.057 (0.5882) | 0.573 (5.849) | |
-42 | 0.064 (0.6568) | 0.614 (6.271) | |
-40 | 0.071 (0.7318) | 0.658 (6.715) | |
-38 | 0.079 (0.8137) | 0.704 (7.183) | |
-36 | 0.088 (0.9028) | 0.752 (7.677) | |
-34 | 0.096 (0.9999) | 0.803 (8.196) | |
-32 | 0.108 (1.1052) | 0.857 (8.741) | |
-30 | 0.119 (1.2190) | 0.913 (9.314) | |
-28 | 0.131 (1.3420) | 0.972 (9.915) | |
-26 | 0.144 (1.4750) | 1.034 (10.544) | |
-24 | 0.158 (1.6190) | 1.098 (11.204) | |
-22 | 0.173 (1.7740) | 1.166 (11.895) | |
-20 | 0.190 (1.9400) | 1.237 (12.617) | |
-18 | 0.207 (2.1170) | 1.311 (13.374) | |
-16 | 0.226 (2.3090) | 1.399 (14.165) | |
-14 | 0.246 (2.5140) | 1.469 (14.990) | |
-12 | 0.267 (2.7320) | 1.554 (15.850) | |
-10 | 0.290 (2.9660) | 1.642 (16.747) | |
-8 | 0.315 (3.2160) | 1.734 (17.682) | |
-6 | 0.341 (3.4810) | 1.829 (18.658) | |
-4 | 0.368 (3.761) | 1.929 (19.673) | |
-2 | 0.398 (4.060) | 2.032 (20.727) | |
0.429 (4.379) |
()
R 12
.1
, | (/2) | (/2) | |
-30 | 0.1004 (1.024) | 0.422 (4.31) | |
-28 | 0.109 (1.115) | 0.449 (4.58) | |
-26 | 0.118 (1.21) | 0.476 (4.86) | |
-24 | 0.128 (1.31) | 0.505 (5.15) | |
-22 | 0.139 (1.42) | 0.535 (5.46) | |
-20 | 0.151 (1.54) | 0.567 (5.78) | |
-18 | 0.163 (1.66) | 0.60 (6.11) | |
-16 | 0.176 (1.79) | 0.634 (6.46) | |
-14 | 0.189 (1.93) | 0.669 (6.82) | |
-12 | 0.204 (2.08) | 0.705 (7.19) | |
-10 | 0.219 (2.23) | 0.743 (7.58) | |
-8 | 0.235 (2.4) | 0.784 (7.99) | |
-6 | 0.252 (2.57) | 0,825 (8.41) | |
-4 | 0.270 (2.75) | 0.868 (8.85) | |
-2 | 0.288 (2.94) | 0.912 (9.3) | |
0.309 (3.15) | 0.958 (9.77) | ||
0.33 (3,36) | 1.006 (10.26) | ||
0.351 (3.58) | 1.056 (10.77) | ||
0.374 (3.81) | 1.106 (11.28) | ||
0.399 (4.06) | 1.16 (11.83) |
()
R22
.1
, | (/2) | (/2) | |
-50 | 0.064 (0.66) | -6 | 0.409 (4.17) |
-48 | 0.072 (0.73) | -4 | 0.437 (4.46) |
-46 | 0.079 (0.807) | -2 | 0.468 (4.77) |
-44 | 0.087 (0.891) | 0.50 (5.1) | |
-42 | 0.096 (0.979) | 0.533 (5.44) | |
-40 | 0.106 (1.076) | 0.57 (5.82) | |
-38 | 0.116 (1.182) | 0.606 (6.18) | |
-36 | 0.127 (1.295) | 0.644 (6.57) | |
-34 | 0.139 (1.414) | 0.685 (6.99) | |
-32 | 0.151 (1.542) | 0.728 (7.42) | |
-30 | 0.164 (1.679) | 0.772 (7.87) | |
-28 | 0.179 (1.824) | 0.818 (8.34) | |
-26 | 0.194 (1.978) | 0.866 (8.83) | |
-24 | 0.210 (2.14) | 0.917 (9.35) | |
-22 | 0.227 (2.32) | 0,97 (9.89) | |
-20 | 0.246 (2.51) | 1.025 (10.45) | |
-18 | 0.265 (2.7) | 1.08 (11.03) | |
-16 | 0.286 (2.92) | 1.14 (11.63) | |
-14 | 0.308 (3.14) | 1.20 (12.26) | |
-12 | 0.33 (3.37) | 1.267 (12.92) | |
-10 | 0.356 (3.63) | 1.334 (13.6) | |
-8 | 0.381 (3.89) | 1.402 (14.3) |
()
R134
.1
, | (/2) | (/2) | |
-60 | 0.0162 (0.162) | 0.359 (3.39) | |
-58 | 0.0182 (0.182) | 0.385 (3.85) | |
-56 | 0.021 (0.210) | 0.412 (4.12) | |
-54 | 0.024 (0.240) | 0.442 (4.42) | |
-52 | 0.027 (0.270) | 0.472 (4.72) | |
-50 | 0.030 (0.300) | 0.504 (5.04) | |
-48 | 0.033 (0.330) | 0.537 (5.37) | |
-46 | 0.037 (0.370) | 0.571 (5.71) | |
-44 | 0.042 (0.420) | 0.609 (6.09) | |
-42 | 0.047 (0.470) | 0.647 (6.47) | |
-40 | 0.052 (0.520) | 0.687 (6.87) | |
-38 | 0.057 (0.570) | 0.729 (7.29) | |
-36 | 0.059 (0.590) | 0.772 (7.72) | |
-34 | 0.067 (0.670) | 0.819 (8.19) | |
-32 | 0.074 (0.740) | 0.866 (8.66) | |
-30 | 0.081 (0.810) | 0.915 (9.15) | |
-28 | 0.090 (0.900) | 0.967 (9.67) | |
-26 | 0.099 (0.990) | 1.019 (10.19) | |
-24 | 0.107 (1.07) | 1.10 (11.00) | |
-22 | 0.120 (1.20) | 1.15 (11.50) | |
-20 | 0.129 (1.29) | 1.20 (12.00) | |
-18 | 0.141 (1.41) | 1.25 (12.50) | |
-16 | 0.154 (1.54) | 1.321 (13.21) | |
-14 | 0.167 (1.67) | 1.390 (13.90) | |
-12 | 0.182 (1.82) | 1.459 (14.59) | |
-10 | 0.196 (1.96) | 1.532 (15.32) | |
-8 | 0.213 (2.13) | 1.570 (15.70) | |
-6 | 0.232 (2.32) | 1.684 (16.84) | |
-4 | 0.249 (2.49) | ||
-2 | 0.269 (2.69) | ||
0.289 (2.89) | |||
0.318 (3.18) | |||
0.395 3.951 |
()
R142
.1
, | (/2) | , | (/2) |
-40 | 0.024 (0.24) | 0.225 (2.25) | |
-38 | 0.027 (0.27) | 0.240 (2.40) | |
-36 | 0.030 (0.30) | 0.265 (2.65) | |
-34 | 0.033 (0.33) | 0.280 (2.80) | |
-32 | 0.037 (0.37) | 0.292 (2.92) | |
-30 | 0.040 (0.40) | 0.318 (3.18) | |
-28 | 0.044 (0.44) | 0.340 (3.40) | |
-26 | 0.049 (0.49) | 0.365 (3.65) | |
-24 | 0.054 (0.54) | 0.380 (3.80) | |
-22 | 0.060 (0.60) | 0.400 (4.00) | |
-20 | 0.065 (0.65) | 0.430 (4.30) | |
-18 | 0.070 (0.70) | 0.460 (4.60) | |
-16 | 0.077 (0.77) | 0.480 (4.80) | |
-14 | 0.083 (0.83) | 0.500 (5.00) | |
-12 | 0.092 (0.92) | 0.535 (5.35) | |
-10 | 0.100 (1.00) | 0.550 (5.50) | |
-8 | 0.110 (1.10) | 0.575 (5.75) | |
-6 | 0.118 (1.18) | 0.620 (6.20) | |
-4 | 0.128 (1.28) | 0.650 (6.50) | |
-2 | 0.137 (1.37) | 0.685 (6.85) | |
0.150 (1.50) | 0.725 (7.25) | ||
0.161 (1.61) | 0.770 (7.70) | ||
0.172 (1.72) | 0.800 (8.00) | ||
0.185 (1.85) | 0.840 (8.40) | ||
0.200 (2.00) | 0.890 (8.90) | ||
0.216 (2.16) |
()
.1
, % | ||||
( ) NaCl | 99,8 | 4233 | ||
CaCl* | , | I II | 450 | |
CaCl | I | 450 |
* I .
()
.1
15, / | , | , | ||
, | 100 | |||
1.00 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
1.01 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | -0.9 |
1.02 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.0 | -1.8 |
1.03 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.5 | -2.6 |
1.04 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.9 | -3.5 |
1.05 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.5 | -4.4 |
1.06 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 9.0 | -5.4 |
1.07 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 10.6 | -6.4 |
1.08 | 10.8 | 11.0 | 12.3 | -7.5 |
1.09 | 12.0 | 12.3 | 14.0 | -8.6 |
1.10 | 13.2 | 13.6 | 15.7 | -9.8 |
1.11 | 14.4 | 13.9 | 17.5 | -11 |
1.12 | 15.6 | 16.2 | 19.3 | -12.2 |
1.13 | 16.7 | 17.5 | 21.2 | -13.6 |
1.14 | 17.8 | 18.8 | 23.1 | -15.1 |
1.15 | 18.9 | 20.0 | 25.0 | -16.6 |
1.16 | 20.0 | 21.2 | 26.9 | -18.2 |
1.17 | 21.1* | 22.4 | 29.0 | -20.0* |
1.18 | 22,1 | 23.7 | 31.0 | -17.2 |
1.19 | 23.1 | 24.9 | 33.1 | -9.5 |
1.20 | 24.2 | 26.1 | 35.3 | -1.7 |
1.203 | 24.4 | 26.3 | 35.7 |
*
()
.1
15, / | , | , | ||
, | 100 | |||
1.00 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
1.01 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.3 | -0.6 |
1.02 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.6 | -1.2 |
1.03 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 3.7 | -1.8 |
1.04 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 5.0 | -2.4 |
1.05 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 6.3 | -3.0 |
1.06 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 7.6 | -3.7 |
1.07 | 9.6 | 8.3 | 9.0 | -4.4 |
1.08 | 10.8 | 9.4 | 10.4 | -5.2 |
1.09 | 12.0 | 10.5 | 11.7 | -6.1 |
1.10 | 13.2 | 11.5 | 13.0 | -7.1 |
1.11 | 14.4 | 12.6 | 14.4 | -8.1 |
1.12 | 15.6 | 13.7 | 15.9 | -9.1 |
1.13 | 16.7 | 14.7 | 17.3 | -10.2 |
1.14 | 17.8 | 15.8 | 18.8 | -11.4 |
1.15 | 18.9 | 16.8 | 20.2 | -12.7 |
1.16 | 20.0 | 17.8 | 21.7 | -14.2 |
1.17 | 21.1 | 18.9 | 23.3 | -15.7 |
1.18 | 22.1 | 19.9 | 24.9 | -17.4 |
1.19 | 23.1 | 20.9 | 26.5 | -19.2 |
1.20 | 24.2 | 21.9 | 28.0 | -21.2 |
1.21 | 25.1 | 22.8 | 29.6 | -23.3 |
1.22 | 26.1 | 23.8 | 31.2 | -25.7 |
1.23 | 27.1 | 24.7 | 32.9 | -28.3 |
1.24 | 28.0 | 25.7 | 34.6 | -31.2 |
1.25 | 29.0 | 26.6 | 36.2 | -34.6 |
1.26 | 29.9 | 27.5 | 37.9 | -38.6 |
1.27 | 30.8 | 28.4 | 39.7 | -43.6 |
1.28 | 31.7 | 29.4 | 41.6 | -50.1 |
1.286 | 32.21* | 29.9 | 42.7 | -55.0* |
1.29 | 32.5 | 30.3 | 43.5 | -50.6 |
1.30 | 33.4 | 31.2 | 45.4 | -41.6 |
1.31 | 34.2 | 32.1 | 47.3 | -33.9 |
1.32 | 35.1 | 33.0 | 49.3 | -27.1 |
1.33 | 35.9 | 33.9 | 51.3 | -21.2 |
1.34 | 36.7 | 34.7 | 53.2 | -15.6 |
1.35 | 37.5 | 35.6 | 55.3 | -10.2 |
1.36 | 38.3 | 36.4 | 57.4 | -5.1 |
1.37 | 39.1 | 37.3 | 59.5 |
*
()
""
.1
15, / | , | , % | , | |
"" | ||||
0.999 | 0.0 | 100.0 | ||
1.014 | 4.9 | 95.1 | -0.8 | |
1.028 | 9.3 | 90.7 | -2.0 | |
1.048 | 14.3 | 85.7 | -3.1 | |
1.059 | 19.5 | 80.5 | -4.6 | |
1.074 | 24.8 | 75.2 | -6.0 | |
1.091 | 29.1 | 70.9 | -8.6 | |
1.107 | 35.9 | 64.1 | -11.2 | |
1.125 | 42.0 | 58.0 | -14.3 | |
1.142 | 48.4 | 51.6 | -18.1 | |
1.161 | 54.9 | 45.1 | -22.3 | |
1.180 | 62.2 | 37.8 | -27.6 | |
1.199 | 67.6 | 32.4 | -34.1 | |
1.220 | 76.3 | 23.7 | -41.2 | |
1.241 | 86.4 | 13.6 | -50.6 | |
1.243 | 28.2 | 87.1 | 12.9 | -51.4 |
()
.1
.1
, () | 1 3 , | ( ) | |||||||||
Na2HPO412H2O | NaCrO4 | Na2Cr2O72H2O | NaOH | ||||||||
NaCl | 1,6 | - | - | - | 100 % | ||||||
NaCl | - | 2,5-3 | - | - | 100 % 1 | ||||||
NaCl | - | - | 3,2 | 1 | 50 % | ||||||
CaCl | - | 1,2 - 1,8 | - | - | 50 % | ||||||
CaCl | - | - | 1,6 | 0,43 | 50 |
|
|
|
|
: 2016-11-24; !; : 1446 |
:
.
==> ...
: 0.121 .