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.1 - .5 , .

 

.1

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2. .    
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4. . .    
5. . "" .    
6. . , , 5    

 

.2

1. . , .    
2. , 1. ,   .  
3. , 1.   .
4. , 1. - -    
5. , 1.   .
6. , 1. . .    
7. , 1. .   ) (, , ), )    
8. . 5   ) ) : 1) , 2) ,       ,
9. . . .     . 0,4 (4 /2), , , - 0,6 (6 /2) ().
10. , . . . ) )     ) .
11. , . ( )   ( )  
12. ,    
13. .   ) ) -: 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) "" , 5)           "" ,
14. . , , , ) ) ,    
15. . ) )      
16. . "" ,    

 

.3

1.   ) ) ) , ) , , , , .
    ) ) , ) ,   ,      
2. . . .   ) ) ) : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)       ,  
3. . , -   .    
4. . . . . . .      
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6. , , , . , ,   , ,   , ; , *  
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1. . ""   ) ) ( )   ,    
2.     ) )   ) ) ) ) "" . . ) - . ,   ,  
3.       ) ) )   ) , ) ) -   , ,   ,  
4.   ) ) ) ) )   ,  
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5.   ) ) : 1) , 2) , 3) ) : 1) , 2) , 3) ,          
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11. , ) ) ""   . ""  
12. : ) , ) , , , ,     ) ) )       - . , . .    
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14. ,      
15. ,      
16. ( )      
           

.5

1. , ,
2.   .  
3. . "" . ,   .
4. .
5. , . .

 

()

( R717)

NH3, 6221.

- . 0,02 /. , , . 30 1 1,5 2,7 / . , , .

. 33,35'. R717 77,8; 0 0,639 /.

( R12) GPW=0.

( R12) =0.

( , , ) 25 26 1,2 (12 /2).

( ), - ( ).

R717 . 11 %, 16 % 26,8 % - . , 22 % .

, , , .

, , ( - ).

.

.

. . R717 .

55 30 , - 60. 40 .

.

 

 

()

R12

-12 CF2Cl2 - , 19212. 120,92.

, 20 % . 101,3 (760 ..) 20 5,18 /3, 4,38 . 0 1,39 /. 29,8, 155.

GWP=1.

=1.

, . , .

, .

. , .

, .

: 0,003 % 20 0,006 % 0. , , , .

.

-12 .

. 30 % . .

400 ( ) , () .

, .

, , , , - .

, , , , .

.

 

 

()

R22, R134, R142

.1 R22:

-22 CHF2Cl - , 8502. 86,48.

, .

-22 101,3 (760 ..) 20 3,57 /3, 2,8 . 0 1,28 /. 40,8, 160.

( R12) GWP=0,34.

( R12) =0,05.

-22 -12, ( 8 , -12). 8502 -22, , 0,0025 %.

-22 .

.2 R134:

R134 CF3CFH2. 102,0.

. 26,5.

( R12) GWP=0,28 - 0,34.

( R12) =0. .

.3 R142:

CF3ClCH3. 100,49.

. 9,2.

( R12) GWP=0,46.

( R12) =0,05

.

 

()

.1

(R717)
R12 -12
R22 -22
R134 -134
R12 -142

 

 

()

( R717)

.1

, (/2) (/2)
-50 0.040 (0.4168)   0.462 (4.716)
-48 0.045 (0.4686)   0.497 (5.073)
-46 0.051 (0.5256)   0.534 (5.450)
-44 0.057 (0.5882)   0.573 (5.849)
-42 0.064 (0.6568)   0.614 (6.271)
-40 0.071 (0.7318)   0.658 (6.715)
-38 0.079 (0.8137)   0.704 (7.183)
-36 0.088 (0.9028)   0.752 (7.677)
-34 0.096 (0.9999)   0.803 (8.196)
-32 0.108 (1.1052)   0.857 (8.741)
-30 0.119 (1.2190)   0.913 (9.314)
-28 0.131 (1.3420)   0.972 (9.915)
-26 0.144 (1.4750)   1.034 (10.544)
-24 0.158 (1.6190)   1.098 (11.204)
-22 0.173 (1.7740)   1.166 (11.895)
-20 0.190 (1.9400)   1.237 (12.617)
-18 0.207 (2.1170)   1.311 (13.374)
-16 0.226 (2.3090)   1.399 (14.165)
-14 0.246 (2.5140)   1.469 (14.990)
-12 0.267 (2.7320)   1.554 (15.850)
-10 0.290 (2.9660)   1.642 (16.747)
-8 0.315 (3.2160)   1.734 (17.682)
-6 0.341 (3.4810)   1.829 (18.658)
-4 0.368 (3.761)   1.929 (19.673)
-2 0.398 (4.060)   2.032 (20.727)
  0.429 (4.379)    

 

()

R 12

.1

, (/2) (/2)
-30 0.1004 (1.024)   0.422 (4.31)
-28 0.109 (1.115)   0.449 (4.58)
-26 0.118 (1.21)   0.476 (4.86)
-24 0.128 (1.31)   0.505 (5.15)
-22 0.139 (1.42)   0.535 (5.46)
-20 0.151 (1.54)   0.567 (5.78)
-18 0.163 (1.66)   0.60 (6.11)
-16 0.176 (1.79)   0.634 (6.46)
-14 0.189 (1.93)   0.669 (6.82)
-12 0.204 (2.08)   0.705 (7.19)
-10 0.219 (2.23)   0.743 (7.58)
-8 0.235 (2.4)   0.784 (7.99)
-6 0.252 (2.57)   0,825 (8.41)
-4 0.270 (2.75)   0.868 (8.85)
-2 0.288 (2.94)   0.912 (9.3)
  0.309 (3.15)   0.958 (9.77)
  0.33 (3,36)   1.006 (10.26)
  0.351 (3.58)   1.056 (10.77)
  0.374 (3.81)   1.106 (11.28)
  0.399 (4.06)   1.16 (11.83)

 

 

()

R22

.1

, (/2) (/2)
-50 0.064 (0.66) -6 0.409 (4.17)
-48 0.072 (0.73) -4 0.437 (4.46)
-46 0.079 (0.807) -2 0.468 (4.77)
-44 0.087 (0.891)   0.50 (5.1)
-42 0.096 (0.979)   0.533 (5.44)
-40 0.106 (1.076)   0.57 (5.82)
-38 0.116 (1.182)   0.606 (6.18)
-36 0.127 (1.295)   0.644 (6.57)
-34 0.139 (1.414)   0.685 (6.99)
-32 0.151 (1.542)   0.728 (7.42)
-30 0.164 (1.679)   0.772 (7.87)
-28 0.179 (1.824)   0.818 (8.34)
-26 0.194 (1.978)   0.866 (8.83)
-24 0.210 (2.14)   0.917 (9.35)
-22 0.227 (2.32)   0,97 (9.89)
-20 0.246 (2.51)   1.025 (10.45)
-18 0.265 (2.7)   1.08 (11.03)
-16 0.286 (2.92)   1.14 (11.63)
-14 0.308 (3.14)   1.20 (12.26)
-12 0.33 (3.37)   1.267 (12.92)
-10 0.356 (3.63)   1.334 (13.6)
-8 0.381 (3.89)   1.402 (14.3)

 

()

R134

.1

, (/2) (/2)
-60 0.0162 (0.162)   0.359 (3.39)
-58 0.0182 (0.182)   0.385 (3.85)
-56 0.021 (0.210)   0.412 (4.12)
-54 0.024 (0.240)   0.442 (4.42)
-52 0.027 (0.270)   0.472 (4.72)
-50 0.030 (0.300)   0.504 (5.04)
-48 0.033 (0.330)   0.537 (5.37)
-46 0.037 (0.370)   0.571 (5.71)
-44 0.042 (0.420)   0.609 (6.09)
-42 0.047 (0.470)   0.647 (6.47)
-40 0.052 (0.520)   0.687 (6.87)
-38 0.057 (0.570)   0.729 (7.29)
-36 0.059 (0.590)   0.772 (7.72)
-34 0.067 (0.670)   0.819 (8.19)
-32 0.074 (0.740)   0.866 (8.66)
-30 0.081 (0.810)   0.915 (9.15)
-28 0.090 (0.900)   0.967 (9.67)
-26 0.099 (0.990)   1.019 (10.19)
-24 0.107 (1.07)   1.10 (11.00)
-22 0.120 (1.20)   1.15 (11.50)
-20 0.129 (1.29)   1.20 (12.00)
-18 0.141 (1.41)   1.25 (12.50)
-16 0.154 (1.54)   1.321 (13.21)
-14 0.167 (1.67)   1.390 (13.90)
-12 0.182 (1.82)   1.459 (14.59)
-10 0.196 (1.96)   1.532 (15.32)
-8 0.213 (2.13)   1.570 (15.70)
-6 0.232 (2.32)   1.684 (16.84)
-4 0.249 (2.49)    
-2 0.269 (2.69)    
  0.289 (2.89)    
  0.318 (3.18)    
  0.395 3.951    

 

()

R142

.1

, (/2) , (/2)
-40 0.024 (0.24)   0.225 (2.25)
-38 0.027 (0.27)   0.240 (2.40)
-36 0.030 (0.30)   0.265 (2.65)
-34 0.033 (0.33)   0.280 (2.80)
-32 0.037 (0.37)   0.292 (2.92)
-30 0.040 (0.40)   0.318 (3.18)
-28 0.044 (0.44)   0.340 (3.40)
-26 0.049 (0.49)   0.365 (3.65)
-24 0.054 (0.54)   0.380 (3.80)
-22 0.060 (0.60)   0.400 (4.00)
-20 0.065 (0.65)   0.430 (4.30)
-18 0.070 (0.70)   0.460 (4.60)
-16 0.077 (0.77)   0.480 (4.80)
-14 0.083 (0.83)   0.500 (5.00)
-12 0.092 (0.92)   0.535 (5.35)
-10 0.100 (1.00)   0.550 (5.50)
-8 0.110 (1.10)   0.575 (5.75)
-6 0.118 (1.18)   0.620 (6.20)
-4 0.128 (1.28)   0.650 (6.50)
-2 0.137 (1.37)   0.685 (6.85)
  0.150 (1.50)   0.725 (7.25)
  0.161 (1.61)   0.770 (7.70)
  0.172 (1.72)   0.800 (8.00)
  0.185 (1.85)   0.840 (8.40)
  0.200 (2.00)   0.890 (8.90)
  0.216 (2.16)    

 

()

.1

, %
( ) NaCl 99,8 4233
CaCl* , I II   450
CaCl I   450

* I .

 

()

.1

15, / , ,
, 100
1.00 0.1 0.1 0.1  
1.01 1.6 1.5 1.5 -0.9
1.02 3.0 2.9 3.0 -1.8
1.03 4.3 4.3 4.5 -2.6
1.04 5.7 5.6 5.9 -3.5
1.05 7.0 7.0 7.5 -4.4
1.06 8.3 8.3 9.0 -5.4
1.07 9.6 9.6 10.6 -6.4
1.08 10.8 11.0 12.3 -7.5
1.09 12.0 12.3 14.0 -8.6
1.10 13.2 13.6 15.7 -9.8
1.11 14.4 13.9 17.5 -11
1.12 15.6 16.2 19.3 -12.2
1.13 16.7 17.5 21.2 -13.6
1.14 17.8 18.8 23.1 -15.1
1.15 18.9 20.0 25.0 -16.6
1.16 20.0 21.2 26.9 -18.2
1.17 21.1* 22.4 29.0 -20.0*
1.18 22,1 23.7 31.0 -17.2
1.19 23.1 24.9 33.1 -9.5
1.20 24.2 26.1 35.3 -1.7
1.203 24.4 26.3 35.7  

*

 

()

.1

15, / , ,
, 100
1.00 0.1 0.1 0.1  
1.01 1.6 1.3 1.3 -0.6
1.02 3.0 2.5 2.6 -1.2
1.03 4.3 3.6 3.7 -1.8
1.04 5.7 4.8 5.0 -2.4
1.05 7.0 5.9 6.3 -3.0
1.06 8.3 7.1 7.6 -3.7
1.07 9.6 8.3 9.0 -4.4
1.08 10.8 9.4 10.4 -5.2
1.09 12.0 10.5 11.7 -6.1
1.10 13.2 11.5 13.0 -7.1
1.11 14.4 12.6 14.4 -8.1
1.12 15.6 13.7 15.9 -9.1
1.13 16.7 14.7 17.3 -10.2
1.14 17.8 15.8 18.8 -11.4
1.15 18.9 16.8 20.2 -12.7
1.16 20.0 17.8 21.7 -14.2
1.17 21.1 18.9 23.3 -15.7
1.18 22.1 19.9 24.9 -17.4
1.19 23.1 20.9 26.5 -19.2
1.20 24.2 21.9 28.0 -21.2
1.21 25.1 22.8 29.6 -23.3
1.22 26.1 23.8 31.2 -25.7
1.23 27.1 24.7 32.9 -28.3
1.24 28.0 25.7 34.6 -31.2
1.25 29.0 26.6 36.2 -34.6
1.26 29.9 27.5 37.9 -38.6
1.27 30.8 28.4 39.7 -43.6
1.28 31.7 29.4 41.6 -50.1
1.286 32.21* 29.9 42.7 -55.0*
1.29 32.5 30.3 43.5 -50.6
1.30 33.4 31.2 45.4 -41.6
1.31 34.2 32.1 47.3 -33.9
1.32 35.1 33.0 49.3 -27.1
1.33 35.9 33.9 51.3 -21.2
1.34 36.7 34.7 53.2 -15.6
1.35 37.5 35.6 55.3 -10.2
1.36 38.3 36.4 57.4 -5.1
1.37 39.1 37.3 59.5  

*

 

()

""

.1

15, / , , % ,
""
0.999   0.0 100.0  
1.014   4.9 95.1 -0.8
1.028   9.3 90.7 -2.0
1.048   14.3 85.7 -3.1
1.059   19.5 80.5 -4.6
1.074   24.8 75.2 -6.0
1.091   29.1 70.9 -8.6
1.107   35.9 64.1 -11.2
1.125   42.0 58.0 -14.3
1.142   48.4 51.6 -18.1
1.161   54.9 45.1 -22.3
1.180   62.2 37.8 -27.6
1.199   67.6 32.4 -34.1
1.220   76.3 23.7 -41.2
1.241   86.4 13.6 -50.6
1.243 28.2 87.1 12.9 -51.4

 

()

.1

.1

, () 1 3 , ( )
Na2HPO412H2O NaCrO4 Na2Cr2O72H2O NaOH
NaCl 1,6 - - - 100 %
NaCl - 2,5-3 - - 100 % 1
NaCl - - 3,2 1 50 %
CaCl - 1,2 - 1,8 - - 50 %
CaCl - - 1,6 0,43 50




:


: 2016-11-24; !; : 1446 |


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