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- () minus
+ () plus
= () is
* () multiplied by
/ () divided by
raised to the . power ( !)
the ratio of to ( , , to , )
km2 (sq. km) square kilometer
m3 (cu. m) cubic meter
  :
2-1=1 Two minus one is one
2+2=4 Two plus two is four
5*5=25 5 multiplied by 5 is twenty-five
16/4=4 16 divided by 4 is 4
  =6     the ratio of A plus D to C minus E is 6
Am A sub m
5 4=625 5 raised to the fourth power is 625
√4= 2 The square root out of 4 is 2
5√a The fifth root of a

: dot, @ at. :

[email protected] marie dot nine seven three at hotmail dot com

 

. , , :

June 17, 1985 : 17 June, 1985

:

The seventeenth of June nineteen eighty-five

June the seventeenth, nineteen eighty-five

, , on:

on the 17th of June on June 17.

C (Celsius)
F (Fahrenheit)
degree
above
below
+210 plus 21 degrees Celsius 21 degrees above zero
-200 minus 20 degrees Celsius 20 degrees below zero
1000= 2120F  

 

Types of Questions

1. 4 : , , .

2. :

a)

?
Do you study?
Do you study?

:

Yes,
  Yes, I do
  Yes, I do.
No, + not
  No, he does not
  No, he does not.

 

b)

1)

?
When did he go (to school)?
When did he go to school?

 

2)

?
Who plays (the piano)?
Who plays the piano?

 

c)

or
Is he a student or a doctor?
Is he a student or a doctor?

 

d)

, not ?
He goes to school, does not he?
He goes to school, doesnt he?
, ?  
He does not study well, does he?  
He doesnt study well, does he?

:

What? ? ?

What colour? - ?

Who? ?

Whom? ?

Whose? ?

When? ?

Where? ? ?

Why? ? ?

How? ?

How old? - ?

How many? ( ) ?

How much? ( ) ?

Modal Verbs

, , . :

1. ( ).

2. "to":

I can swim. () .

3. , :

I cannot swim. . Can you swim? ?

4. !

5. . . , .

6. (V1- , - ):

+ V1

- not V1

? V1

:

+ Yes, .

- No, not.

"can"

(/)

1) : , - , -.

2) :

Past Indefinite/Simple / Present Indefinite/Simple /
could () can ()
I could do it. . I can do it. .

 

3) to be able to (, ). . to be :

 

TO BE ABLE TO
Past Indefinite/Simple / Present Indefinite/Simple / Future Indefinite/Simple /
was able to () were able to () am able to () is able to () are able to () will be able to ()
  + able to V1   - not able to V1   ? able to V1     + able to V1   - not able to V1   ? able to V1   + will be able to V1   - will not be able to V1   ? will be able to V1
He was able to do it. . He is able to do it. () . He will be able to do it. .

 

4) could was/were able to , was/were able to , , .. /, could , .. , .

 

"may"

()

1) : ( : to be allowed to, to be permitted to - ), , - ( : perhaps, maybe -).

2) :

 

Past Indefinite/Simple / Present Indefinite/Simple /
might ( ) may ()
You might help me. .   May I come in? ? It may rain today. ./ , .  

 

"must"

()

1) : , (" , , "), , - ( : probably, evidently - , ).

2) : must ():

I must go. .

3) " to have to ".

 

" to have to "

(, )

(" , , "). .

 

TO HAVE TO ()
Past Indefinite/Simple / Present Indefinite/Simple / Future Indefinite/Simple /
had to ( ) have to has to ( //) () will have to ( / )
  + had to V1   - did not have to V1   ? did have to V1   + to V1   - not have to V1   ? have to V1     + will have to V1   - will not have to V1   ? will have to V1
I had to take umbrella. . I have to take umbrella. () . I will have to take umbrella. .

 

"to be to"

()

, , (" , , ").

 

TO BE TO
Past Indefinite/Simple / Present Indefinite/Simple /
was to were to ( ) am to as to are to ()
The train was to come at 5. 5. The train is to come at 5. 5.

 

"should"

()

- , , - .

1. You should stay in bed. . ()

2. Your shoes are wet. You shouldve stayed at home. . . ()

3. We neednt get ready yet. The guests shouldnt come for another hour. . , . ()

 

"ought to"

(/)

, , - , , - .

1. You ought to look after your children better. - ( ).

2. You ought to have helped him. (.. - ).

3. You ought to see a doctor. ().

4. You ought to be hungry by now. , , (, ).

5. You ought to hear the way he plays the piano! , , (- ).

"need"

()

: :

1) :

Need I show you my pass now? - ?

You neednt do it just now. - .

2) need , , , , - -. , ,

You neednt have bought bread. We have already 4 loaves. - . 4 .

 

Participle I

I

I - -ing:

to work () ] working ( I)

I :

  ACTIVE ( ) PASSIVE ( )
PRESENT() V1+ing coming being V3 being brought
PERFECT() having V3 having asked having been V3 having been sent

Present . Perfect .

:

1. . Present. . Present Active , ., : , . Present Passive : : :

 

  ACTIVE PASSIVE
PRESENT drawing being observed ,
  The tree growing in the garden is very beautiful. - , , . The letter being written is to my mother.- .
         

 

2. . .

Active Present ( ?), , : , .

Active Perfect ( ?), , : , .

Passive Present : , : ; .

Passive Perfect : , , : , :

  ACTIVE PASSIVE
PRESENT writing ( ?) being asked , , ..
PERFECT having written ( ?) having been asked , ,

 

Going along the street, I met my friend. Havingwritten the letter she went for a walk. Being noticed he couldnt deny his presence in the place. Having been filmed once in a horror film he couldnt appear in the streets without a mask.   , . , . , . , .  

 

3. . 2 . I :

I am going along the street. .

 

Participle II

II

II , .. -ed III :

to work () ] worked ( II)

to see () ] seen ( II)

 

II , , , .. .

1. . . , , , , , : , , , , :

The grown tree is beautiful. - .

 

2. . . , : :

When given the book, read text 2. - , 2.

 

3. . 2 . II :

He has built the house. - .

3 :

1. (Indefinite/Simple);

2. (Continuous/Progressive);

3. (Perfect);

: (Present), (Past) (Future). , :

1. , ( ), ( ) ( , ). , , .

2. , (.. ), ( ) ( ). , .

3. () , (.. ), ( , ) ( , ). , , .

, 9 :

Indefinite/Simple Continuous/Progressive Perfect
Present Indefinite/Simple ( ) Present Continuous / Progressive ( ) Present Perfect ( )
Past Indefinite/Simple ( ) Past Continuous/Progressive ( ) Past Perfect ( )
Future Indefinite/Simple ( ) Future Continuous/Progressive ( ) Future Perfect ( )

Irregular Verbs

() (). ( V2 V3) (V1+ ed), .. . , . 3 :

I (V1) - to (, - to bring, I - bring)

II (V2) ( )

III (V3) II ( )

, to work to go:

1 (V1) 2 (V2) 3 (V3)
work worked worked
go went gone

 

ing/ed

ing

1. y :

hurry hurr ying

study - stud ying

2. ie, ie y:

lie lying

die - dying

3. e, :

smoke smo king

hope -hop ing

4. , : - , , :

stop sto pping

plan -pla nning

ed

1. y , y i:

study stud ied

apply - appl ied

2. e, :

dance danc ed

confuse -confu sed

3. , : - , , :

stop sto pped

rob ro bbed

!

1. + , , ed/ing, , :

tu rn tur ning tur ned

b oi l boil ing boi led

de ve lop develo ping -develo ped

2. : -- l, l ed/ing, :

travel trave lling - trave lled

cancel cance lling - cance lled

  Past Present Future
Indefinite /Simple / Did() + V2 (ed) - did not V1 ? () Did V1     -. "to be": ()   +   - not   ? ()   do / does() + V1 (3... + S) - not V1 ? () V1   -. "to be": () +   - not   ? ()   Will () + will V1 - will not V1 ? () Will V1     -. "to be": ()   + will be   - will not be   ? () Will be
    Last week Yesterday - A year ago   Usually - Often - Sometimes - Every day Always - Never - Rarely -   Next Sunday Tomorrow - In a week Soon -
Continuous/Progressive + V1 ing   - not V1 ing   ? () V1 ing   + V1 ing   - not V1 ing   ? () V1 ing     + will be V1 ing   - will not be V1 ing   ? () Will be V1 ing
  From 5 till 9 5 9 At 7 yesterday 7 The whole evening When she came Now - At the moment Look! ! Listen! ! Nowadays Currently These days , Right now At 5 tomorrow 5 At that moment From 5 till 10 5 10 When we return
Perfect h ad + had V3 (ed)   - had not V3   ? ()Had V3   have / has + V3 (ed)   - not V3   ? () V3   will have + will have V3 (ed)   - will not have V3   ? () Will have V3
  By 6 yesterday 6 Before / Hardly- Scarcely - No sooner After - Just Ever -, Since / Lately Recently - Already - Yet , For This week Up to now So far , By 7 tomorrow 7 Before By that time

 





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