- () | minus |
+ () | plus |
= () | is |
* () | multiplied by |
/ () | divided by |
raised to the . power ( !) | |
the ratio of to ( , , to , ) | |
km2 | (sq. km) square kilometer |
m3 | (cu. m) cubic meter |
: | |
2-1=1 | Two minus one is one |
2+2=4 | Two plus two is four |
5*5=25 | 5 multiplied by 5 is twenty-five |
16/4=4 | 16 divided by 4 is 4 |
=6 | the ratio of A plus D to C minus E is 6 |
Am | A sub m |
5 4=625 | 5 raised to the fourth power is 625 |
√4= 2 | The square root out of 4 is 2 |
5√a | The fifth root of a |
: dot, @ at. :
[email protected] marie dot nine seven three at hotmail dot com
. , , :
June 17, 1985 : 17 June, 1985
:
The seventeenth of June nineteen eighty-five
June the seventeenth, nineteen eighty-five
, , on:
on the 17th of June on June 17.
C (Celsius) | |
F (Fahrenheit) | |
degree | |
above | |
below | |
+210 | plus 21 degrees Celsius 21 degrees above zero |
-200 | minus 20 degrees Celsius 20 degrees below zero |
1000= 2120F |
Types of Questions
1. 4 : , , .
2. :
a)
? | ||
Do | you | study? |
Do you study? |
:
Yes, | |||
Yes, | I | do | |
Yes, I do. | |||
No, | + not | ||
No, | he | does not | |
No, he does not. |
b)
1)
? | |||
When | did | he | go (to school)? |
When did he go to school? |
2)
? | |
Who | plays (the piano)? |
Who plays the piano? |
c)
or | |
Is he a student | or a doctor? |
Is he a student or a doctor? |
d)
, | not | ? | |
He goes to school, | does | not | he? |
He goes to school, doesnt he? | |||
, | ? | ||
He does not study well, | does | he? | |
He doesnt study well, does he? |
:
|
|
What? ? ?
What colour? - ?
Who? ?
Whom? ?
Whose? ?
When? ?
Where? ? ?
Why? ? ?
How? ?
How old? - ?
How many? ( ) ?
How much? ( ) ?
Modal Verbs
, , . :
1. ( ).
2. "to":
I can swim. () .
3. , :
I cannot swim. . Can you swim? ?
4. !
5. . . , .
6. (V1- , - ):
+ V1
- not V1
? V1
:
+ Yes, .
- No, not.
"can"
(/)
1) : , - , -.
2) :
Past Indefinite/Simple / | Present Indefinite/Simple / |
could () | can () |
I could do it. . | I can do it. . |
3) to be able to (, ). . to be :
TO BE ABLE TO | ||
Past Indefinite/Simple / | Present Indefinite/Simple / | Future Indefinite/Simple / |
was able to () were able to () | am able to () is able to () are able to () | will be able to () |
+ able to V1 - not able to V1 ? able to V1 | + able to V1 - not able to V1 ? able to V1 | + will be able to V1 - will not be able to V1 ? will be able to V1 |
He was able to do it. . | He is able to do it. () . | He will be able to do it. . |
4) could was/were able to , was/were able to , , .. /, could , .. , .
"may"
|
|
()
1) : ( : to be allowed to, to be permitted to - ), , - ( : perhaps, maybe -).
2) :
Past Indefinite/Simple / | Present Indefinite/Simple / |
might ( ) | may () |
You might help me. . | May I come in? ? It may rain today. ./ , . |
"must"
()
1) : , (" , , "), , - ( : probably, evidently - , ).
2) : must ():
I must go. .
3) " to have to ".
" to have to "
(, )
(" , , "). .
TO HAVE TO () | ||
Past Indefinite/Simple / | Present Indefinite/Simple / | Future Indefinite/Simple / |
had to ( ) | have to has to ( //) () | will have to ( / ) |
+ had to V1 - did not have to V1 ? did have to V1 | + to V1 - not have to V1 ? have to V1 | + will have to V1 - will not have to V1 ? will have to V1 |
I had to take umbrella. . | I have to take umbrella. () . | I will have to take umbrella. . |
"to be to"
()
, , (" , , ").
TO BE TO | |
Past Indefinite/Simple / | Present Indefinite/Simple / |
was to were to ( ) | am to as to are to () |
The train was to come at 5. 5. | The train is to come at 5. 5. |
"should"
()
- , , - .
1. You should stay in bed. . ()
2. Your shoes are wet. You shouldve stayed at home. . . ()
3. We neednt get ready yet. The guests shouldnt come for another hour. . , . ()
"ought to"
(/)
, , - , , - .
1. You ought to look after your children better. - ( ).
2. You ought to have helped him. (.. - ).
3. You ought to see a doctor. ().
4. You ought to be hungry by now. , , (, ).
5. You ought to hear the way he plays the piano! , , (- ).
"need"
()
: :
|
|
1) :
Need I show you my pass now? - ?
You neednt do it just now. - .
2) need , , , , - -. , ,
You neednt have bought bread. We have already 4 loaves. - . 4 .
Participle I
I
I - -ing:
to work () ] working ( I)
I :
ACTIVE ( ) | PASSIVE ( ) | |||
PRESENT() | V1+ing | coming | being V3 | being brought |
PERFECT() | having V3 | having asked | having been V3 | having been sent |
Present . Perfect .
:
1. . Present. . Present Active , ., : , . Present Passive : : :
ACTIVE | PASSIVE | |||
PRESENT | drawing | being observed | , | |
The tree growing in the garden is very beautiful. - , , . | The letter being written is to my mother.- . | |||
2. . .
Active Present ( ?), , : , .
Active Perfect ( ?), , : , .
Passive Present : , : ; .
Passive Perfect : , , : , :
ACTIVE | PASSIVE | |||
PRESENT | writing ( ?) | being asked | , , .. | |
PERFECT | having written ( ?) | having been asked | , , |
Going along the street, I met my friend. Havingwritten the letter she went for a walk. Being noticed he couldnt deny his presence in the place. Having been filmed once in a horror film he couldnt appear in the streets without a mask. | , . , . , . , . |
|
|
3. . 2 . I :
I am going along the street. | . |
Participle II
II
II , .. -ed III :
to work () ] worked ( II)
to see () ] seen ( II)
II , , , .. .
1. . . , , , , , : , , , , :
The grown tree is beautiful. - .
2. . . , : :
When given the book, read text 2. - , 2.
3. . 2 . II :
He has built the house. - .
3 :
1. (Indefinite/Simple);
2. (Continuous/Progressive);
3. (Perfect);
: (Present), (Past) (Future). , :
1. , ( ), ( ) ( , ). , , .
2. , (.. ), ( ) ( ). , .
3. () , (.. ), ( , ) ( , ). , , .
, 9 :
Indefinite/Simple | Continuous/Progressive | Perfect |
Present Indefinite/Simple ( ) | Present Continuous / Progressive ( ) | Present Perfect ( ) |
Past Indefinite/Simple ( ) | Past Continuous/Progressive ( ) | Past Perfect ( ) |
Future Indefinite/Simple ( ) | Future Continuous/Progressive ( ) | Future Perfect ( ) |
Irregular Verbs
() (). ( V2 V3) (V1+ ed), .. . , . 3 :
I (V1) - to (, - to bring, I - bring)
|
|
II (V2) ( )
III (V3) II ( )
, to work to go:
1 (V1) | 2 (V2) | 3 (V3) |
work | worked | worked |
go | went | gone |
ing/ed
ing
1. y :
hurry hurr ying
study - stud ying
2. ie, ie y:
lie lying
die - dying
3. e, :
smoke smo king
hope -hop ing
4. , : - , , :
stop sto pping
plan -pla nning
ed
1. y , y i:
study stud ied
apply - appl ied
2. e, :
dance danc ed
confuse -confu sed
3. , : - , , :
stop sto pped
rob ro bbed
!
1. + , , ed/ing, , :
tu rn tur ning tur ned
b oi l boil ing boi led
de ve lop develo ping -develo ped
2. : -- l, l ed/ing, :
travel trave lling - trave lled
cancel cance lling - cance lled
Past | Present | Future | |
Indefinite /Simple / | Did() + V2 (ed) - did not V1 ? () Did V1 -. "to be": () + - not ? () | do / does() + V1 (3... + S) - not V1 ? () V1 -. "to be": () + - not ? () | Will () + will V1 - will not V1 ? () Will V1 -. "to be": () + will be - will not be ? () Will be |
Last week Yesterday - A year ago | Usually - Often - Sometimes - Every day Always - Never - Rarely - | Next Sunday Tomorrow - In a week Soon - | |
Continuous/Progressive | + V1 ing - not V1 ing ? () V1 ing | + V1 ing - not V1 ing ? () V1 ing | + will be V1 ing - will not be V1 ing ? () Will be V1 ing |
From 5 till 9 5 9 At 7 yesterday 7 The whole evening When she came | Now - At the moment Look! ! Listen! ! Nowadays Currently These days , Right now | At 5 tomorrow 5 At that moment From 5 till 10 5 10 When we return | |
Perfect | h ad + had V3 (ed) - had not V3 ? ()Had V3 | have / has + V3 (ed) - not V3 ? () V3 | will have + will have V3 (ed) - will not have V3 ? () Will have V3 |
By 6 yesterday 6 Before / Hardly- Scarcely - No sooner After - | Just Ever -, Since / Lately Recently - Already - Yet , For This week Up to now So far , | By 7 tomorrow 7 Before By that time |