Z1 1-1;
Z2 2-2;
1-1;
2-2;
υ1 1-1;
υ2 2-2;
α1 1-1;
α2 2-2;
, . , Z1 = Z2 υ1 = υ2, α1 = α2, (4.1) , :
(4.2) |
:
(4.3) |
λ . , :
(4.4) |
, . = 64, :
(4.5) |
λ , , , :
(4.6) |
λ (4.3), υ h.
, (4.6) λ Re - , . , λ=λ(Re) . , , . . , , Δ ro d . :
(4.7) |
Δ/d ( Δ/r0) , d/Δ .
. (1933 .) (4.7) 6. . , , , ..
|
|
:
1 - , . , , , :
(4.8) |
|
lg(2300) = lg(Re).
, Re ≤ Re, .. .
Re = 2300¸4000 . , .
2 - , , . λ :
(4.9) |
:
(4.10) |
: , . δ , , . , , .
3 - , -, , . 3 . λ R d/Δ:
(4.11) |
:
<Re . | (4.12) |
4 - , . λ R,..:
(4.13) |
:
Re> | (4.14) |
, .
Δ.
4.1 λ .
4.1.
Re<2320 | ||||
(Re<105) | ||||
:
1 ( d1=15 ) 2 ( d2=11 ).
1. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 4, 5, 8, 12. 6, 7, 10, 11, 14 .
2. 3 .
|
|
3. , .
4. 1 1 (1) . 4.2.
5. 4.2 2 1 (2).
6. 10. ∆t V , 1. 4.2. 10.
7. . 4, 5 6 1 . 4.2.
8. 1.
9. 2 3 (3) . 4.3.
10. 4.3 4 2 (4).
11. 9. ∆t V , 2. 4.3. 9.
12. 2 3 (. . 4.3).
13. . 9, 10, 11, 12 3.
14. 2.
15. 3.
:
1. Q = V/∆t 4.2 4.3.
2. . , (.. ) *
∆h=1-2 (∆h=3-4) .
* , , .
3. υ=Q/S, υ2/2g, Re=(υ∙d)/ν ( ν = 10-6 2/ = 1 2/). 4.1.
4. -:
ξ :
.
5 4.1 (∆ =0,01 ).
6. = ∆h= f(Q).
7. .
|
4.2
V, | ∆t, | Q, / | 1, | 2, | υ, / | Re, | , | ∆h12, | ξ | λ | λ | ||
4.3
V, | ∆t, | Q, / | 3, | 4, | υ, / | Re, | , | ∆h34, | ξ | λ | λ | ||
5
|
|
()
:
" ", .
:
. .
:
:
(5.1) |
h, . , h. .
, , . - , . hλ. . : .
, , , . , . , - h.
, .. . , . , :
(5.2) |
hλi - i - ;
hmj - j - .
, , , . , hmj , , (5.2) , , .. . , .
|
|
, , . , , , . :
(5.3) |
ξ , :
(5.4) |
, R.
, R , .. /R, ξ.
R , , R, , ξ. . , .. , ξ R . (5.3) , :
(5.5) |
λ ;
l - ;
d - .
, , .
h (5.1), . (5.3), , , : .
(5.6) |
, .
:
d1 =15 . d2 = 10 .
1. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 4, 5, 8, 12. 6, 7, 9, 14 3 .
2. 3 .
3. , .
4. 4 6(6) . 5.1 5.2.
5. 9. ∆t V , 1. 5.1 5.2. 9.
6. 7 (7) 5 (5).
7. .4, 5, 6 6 5.1 5.2.
8. 4.
9. 3.
:
1. Q=V/∆t 5.1.
2. :
) υ1=Q/S1 υ2=Q/S2
(S1=πd12/4, S2=πd22/4).
) υ21/2g υ22/2g
)
3. :
4. :
5. :