| Положительная степень | Сравнительная степень | Превосходная степень | ||
| 1. Односложные прилагательные | ||||
| long – длинный | longer – длиннее | the longest – самый длинный | ||
| 2. Многосложные прилагательные | ||||
| important – важный | more important – более важный less important – менее важный | the most important – самый важный the least important – наименее важный | ||
| Сравнительные союзы | ||||
| than– чем: You are older than me. – Ты старше меня. (Ты старше, чем я.) as…as... – такой же... как... not so...as... – не такой... как... the…the… – чем…, тем...: The more, the better – чем больше, тем лучше. | ||||
| 3. Исключения | ||||
| good хороший well хорошо bad плохой badly плохо much много many little – маленький, мало | better – лучше worse – хуже more – больше less – меньше | the best – самый лучший, лучше всего the worst – хуже всех, хуже всего the most – наибольший, больше всего the least – наименьший, меньше всего | ||
Most перед существительным – «большинство», «большая часть»: most of the students – большинство студентов.
Упражнение
Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
1. The thermonuclear reactors absorb more energy than they generate.
2. The more satisfactory ignition may be ensured, the better.
3. The coals of this type are most satisfactorily burned on chain-grate stoker.
4. The more space is provided by the furnace, the less unburned fuel will escape from it.
5. Most fuel is burned near the exit from the furnace.
6. The better the equipment suits to the type of the fuel, the more its efficiency will be.
7. Man is using more and more the organic fuel sources.
8. The lower the combustible gases are cooled, the worse they will burn.
9. The pressure in the furnace was slightly less than the atmospheric pressure.
10. The greater is the mixing of oxygen with combustible gases, the more is the increase of combustion rate.
11. The thinner the wire, the greater the developed heat. On the contrary, the larger the wire, the more negligible is the heat produced.
12. In order to produce electricity under the most ecological conditions, the generators must be as large as possible.
13. In case that the number of turns (виток) on the secondary winding is greater than those on the primary, the output voltage is larger than the input voltage and the transformer is called a step-up-transformer.
14. In some countries, such as Norway, Sweden and Switzerland more electric energy is produced from water power than from steam.
15. Cleaning is easier when the gases pass through the tubes.
16. In general, most of the steam is generated is the furnace wall tubes, because they can absorb radiated energy from the high temperature flame.
17. Physics is the most precise and mathematical science.
18. The planet Mars is much less massive than the Earth but its density is greater than that of the crustal rock of the Earth.
Таблица 7
Многофункциональное слово “one”
| Функция, значение | Примеры | Перевод | |
| 1. Числительное «один», «одна», «одно». | This power plant is one of the oldest. | Эта электростанция – одна из старейших. | |
| 2. Формальное подлежащее в неопределенно-личных предложениях, самостоятельно не переводится. | One knows (известно) One believes (считают) One can (можно) expect One must (нужно) expect One may (можно) expect | that this mill makes good profits. | Известно, Считают, что этот завод Можно ожидать, имеет большие Нужно ожидать, прибыли. Можно ожидать, |
| 3. Слово-заменитель. Переводится тем существительным, которое заменяет, или опускается в переводе. | The new way of transporting fuel differs from the old one. | Новый путь перевозки топлива отличается от старого (пути). | |
Упражнение
Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода многофункционального слова " one ".
1. At the seminar he solved his problem and the one of his friend.
2. To measure the temperature one uses the thermometer.
3. The problem was a very difficult one.
4. One can say that heat is the form of energy.
5. Unknown and undiscovered phenomena can be found more effective than familiar ones.
6. One should pay attention to his work.
7. This component is similar to that one.
8. One must develop this method.
9. One might mention two kinds of mechanical energy: potential and kinetic.
10. The assertion is one which can be justified by a detailed proof.
11. Fahrenheit's construction is the one often used for the household thermometres.
12. One of the most important problems the engineer has to take into consideration is the efficient and controlled transfer of fluids from one point to another.
13. One can cool the exhaust gases leaving the turbine in the regenerator before they are discharged to the atmosphere.
14. This industrial nuclear power station was put into operation two years earlier than the British one and a half year earlier than the American nuclear power station.
15. At present gas is one of the most important fuels and our basic source of energy.
16. A noncondensing plant discharges the steam from the prime mover at an exhaust pressure equal or greater than atmospheric one.
Таблица 8
Многофункциональные слова “that”, “those”
| Функция, значение | Примеры | Перевод |
| 1. Местоимения «этот», «эти», «тот», «те». | Those fuels are the most popular in our region. | Эти виды топлива наиболее популярны в нашем районе. |
| 2. Слова-заменители. Переводятся тем существительным, которое они заменяют, или опускаются при переводе. | The efficiency of the old turbine is low compared with that of our new plant. | Производительность старой турбины низкая по сравнению с производительностью турбины нашей новой электростанции. |
| 3. “that” – союзное слово «который». | The new turbine that was installed in our plant is efficient. | Новая турбина, которая была установлена на нашей электростанции, эффективна. |
| 4. “that” – союз «что», «чтобы». | One can say that this fan is the most useful. | Можно сказать, что этот вентилятор самый нужный. |
| 5. Часть выделительной конструкции «It is... that/which/who...». Переводится «именно», «это» и т. д. | It was in our laboratory that the new experiment was carried out. | Именно в нашей лаборатории провели новый эксперимент. |
Упражнение
Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода многофункциональных слов " that/those ".
1. We used materials that contained lead.
2. It is now generally recognized: one of the most important problems of modern natural sciences is that of photosynthesis.
3. The sun's mass is 750 times that of all the planets together.
4. If the steam generating unit is a boiler only, the steam that it deliveries will be wet.
5. Theory alone left Lomonosov dissatisfied, he knew by experience that it was useless and unreliable if it did not find practical application.
6. It is the ash covering the surface of the stoker that acts as protective blanket.
7. It is the difference in density or specific weight of steam and water that makes the steam rise through the water in a boiler.
8. It is the heat exchanger that removes the energy absorbed by the engine from the cooling water.
9. The electron temperature is much greater than that of the gas as a whole.
10. The diameter of Neptune is four times greater than that of the Earth.
11. Molecules moving from hot regions to cool carry more energy than those moving in the reverse direction.
12. The technique used has some advantages over that suggested by Palm.
13. The results are in good agreement with those calculated from the mobility data of Green.
14. Carbon dioxide cannot support life; its properties are different from those of the oxygen which it contains.
15. It is the axial-flow fan that occupies a small space, that is light in weight, easy to install and includes large volumes of air.
Таблица 9
Многофункциональное слово “it”
| Функция, значение | Примеры | Перевод |
| 1. Личное местоимение «он», «она», «оно» (заменяет неодушевленное существительное). | Natural gas is used for steam generating. It also burns extremely in coal and oil fired units. | Природный газ используется для образования пара. Он также широко применяется в агрегатах, работающих на угле и нефти. |
| 2. Указательное местоимение «это» (заменяет предыдущее предложение). | The temperature is rising slowly. It means that… | Температура поднимается медленно. Это означает, что… |
| 3. Формальное подлежащее безличного предложения. Самостоятельно не переводится. | It is impossible It is important to use It is expected this fuel. It is common practice | Невозможно Важно использовать это Ожидается топливо Обычно принято (использование). |
| 4. Формальное дополнение после некоторых глаголов. Самостоятельно не переводится. | The method makes it possible to obtain good productivity. | Метод делает возможным получение хорошей производительности. |
| 5. Часть выделительной конструкции “it is…that (which)”. Переводится «именно», «это» и т.д. (См. табл. 8). | It isat our plant that the new turbine was installed. It was not until 1950 that the new equipment entered into practice. | Именно (это) на нашей электростанции установили новую турбину. Только в 1950 году новое оборудование вошло в употребление. |
Упражнение
Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода многофункционального слова " it ".
1. It is copper which is the most widely used conductor.
2. The cyclone furnace is adjunct (зд. помощник) to the boiler circulation system. It is attached to the steam generating unit.
3. It is only recently that ways have been found for synthesizing this material.
4. It is our students that work at this power plant.
5. It is necessary to decompose these substances.
6. Electric current finds its most important use in industry. It finds wide application at every mill and factory. As for electric crane, it can easily lift objects weighing hundreds of tons.
7. The Newcomen steam engine was invented in 1705. It was fairly well developed later and for 50 years remained in extensive use.
8. It is not necessary to pulverize the coal in the cyclone furnace.
9. It is well known that electric current is necessary for everyday life.
10. It is the temperature of gas supplied to the turbine and the pressure ratio that influence the efficiency of a simple gas-turbine power plant.
11. It is known that some hypotheses were put forward in the last decade.
12. It is believed the method described should be of most utility in the determination of these phenomena types.
13. When dealing with a gas it is common practice to consider it under a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
14. The law makes it easy to understand the relation of two values.
15. Rutherford's picture of an atom as a miniature solar system made it easier to explain some difficulties.
16. It is not entirely out of question that certain intensity fluctuation were due to scintillation.
Таблица 10
Причастия
| Вид причастия | Функция в предложении и перевод | ||
| часть сказуемого | определение | обстоятельство | |
| 1. Participle I Active voice solving writing | He is solving a problem. Он решает задачу. (Для образования времен группы Continuous. Самостоятельно не переводится). | The engineer solving this problem works hard. Инженер, решающий эту задачу, много работает. We tested the device showing the disturbances. Мы проверили прибор, показавший нарушения в работе. (Причастие на -щий, -вший). | (When, while) solving the problem he read many books. Решая задачу, он прочитал много книг. (Деепричастие на -а, -я). |
| 2. Participle I Passive voice being solved being written | The problem is being solved. Задача решается. (Для образования группы времен Continuous пассивного залога. Самостоятельно не переводится). | The problem being solved was difficult. Решаемая задача была трудной. (Причастие на -емый, -имый). | (While) being solved, the problem offered some unexpected aspects. Когда ее решали (при решении), задача представила некоторые неожиданные стороны. (Придаточное обстоятельственное предложение; существительное с предлогом). |
Окончание табл. 10
| Вид причастия | Функция в предложении и перевод | ||
| часть сказуемого | определение | обстоятельство | |
| 3. Participle II Passive voice solved written | 1) He has solved the problem. Он решил задачу. (Для образования времен Perfect. Самостоятельно не переводится). 2) The problem is solved. Задача решена. (Для образования пассивного залога. Самостоятельно не переводится). | The problem solvedturned out to be fundamental. Решённаязадача оказалась фундаментальной. The problem discussed yesterday is very important. Проблема, обсуждавшаясявчера, очень важна. (Причастие на -щийся, -мый, -ный, -тый, -вшийся). | If solved, the problem will offer numerous consequences. Если ее решить, задача будет иметь многочисленные последствия. (Обстоятельственное придаточное предложение). |
| 4. Perfect Participle active voice having solved having written | – | – | Having solved the problem he left the classroom. Решив задачу, он ушел из класса. (Деепричастие на -ив, -ав). |
| 5. Perfect Participle Passive voice having been solved having been written | – | – | Having been solved, the problem offered some unexpected consequences. После того как задача была решена, обнаружились некоторые ее неожиданные следствия. (Придаточное обстоятельственное предложение). |
Упражнение 1
Переведите предложения, учитывая разные функции в предложении и соответствующий перевод причастия Participle I (Active и Passive).
1. The furnace walls are composed of tubes which are also connected to the boiler drum forming a very effective steam-generating surface.
2. The tubes of furnace walls are forming a very effective steam-generating surface.
3. The steam being separated from the water in the boiler drum flows through a superheater.
4. The gaseous products of combustion leaving the boiler tube bank are at a relatively high temperature.
5. The gaseous products of combustion are leaving the boiler tube bank at a relatively high temperature.
6. Many steam power plants of large size are being built now.
7. Steam generating units delivering 3,000,000 lb. of steam per hour are now in operation.
8. Overall efficiency of the plant depending upon the size, steam pressure, temperature and other factors is doubled.
9. Valves are opened periodically and some of the boiler water is blown to sewer, thus carrying out of the system the impurities.
10. Some of boilers have become popular and are sold including fire-tube boilers and water tube boilers.
Упражнение 2
Переведите предложения, учитывая разные функции в предложении и соответствующий перевод причастия Participle II.
1. The purposes of injectors sometimes called "atomizers" are numerous.
2. The grate bars made of heat resistant cast iron are cooled by the air supplied for combustion and form a flat surface for the fuel bed.
3. The grate bars are made of heat resistant cast iron.
4. High grade waste heat, which is defined as the heat carried by flue gases with a temperature of 250° and higher, can be recovered through properly selected and designed heat transfer system.
5. This heat transfer system is properly selected and designed.
6. The classification of injectors is based on the source of energy used to break up the liquid.
7. The heat of combustion is the heat released during the combustion reaction based on standard conditions.
8. The air supplied in the burner is defined as primary air and additional air supplied downstream of the burner as second air.
9. The higher gas temperature caused increased slagging of the boiler surface.
Упражнение 3
Переведите предложения, учитывая разные функции и соответствующий перевод причастий.
1. Large power plants currently being built in regions of high fuel cost are designed for operations at pressures of more than 1500 psig.
2. Thermal analysis concerning combustion involves the heat and the temperature.
3. The first law of thermodynamics states that all the work done by the turbine comes from the energy in the steam flowing through the turbine.
4. The steam impinges on the wheel blades causing the wheel to rotate.
5. Each disc carrying the moving blades is perforated thus maintaining the same pressure on both sides of the wheel.
6. The double suction permits forces acting on the impeller to be balanced, thus reducing the axial thrust (колебания) on the shaft.
7. Because of the heat radiated back from combustion zone, polymerization may occur at the nozzle tip causing tip plugging.
8. The small amount of unevaporated water is separated from the steam and is blown down to a lower pressure carrying out with it any impurities.
9. As the oxidation rate increases, the temperature gradually rises, increasing the rate of oxidation and hence the rate of temperature rise.
10. The overall length of the turbine is increased thereby necessitating larger building space and introducing additional losses by the use of interconnecting piping.
11. Having cooled sufficiently the products of combustion we may force them to enter the superheater tubes.
12. Having increased the furnace size and temperature it is necessary to improve refractory maintenance, particularly when firing with pulverized coal.
13. In the boilers with water tube furnace bent tubes are arranged to form furnace enclosure making it integral with the boiler.
14. The steam expands in the fixed blade increasing its velocity.
Таблица 11
