( )
The Need for Law.
Laws of Babylon.
The Laws of Ancient Greece and Rome.
The Magna Carta.
Habeas Corpus Act.
The Bill of Rights.
Napoleons Code.
The Study of Crime.
The Causes of Crime.
The Purpose of State Punishment.
Treatment of Criminals.
Capital Punishment.
Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens of Democratic States.
Freedoms of Democracies.
Mass media in a Democratic Society.
Protecting the Rights of the Accused.
Cruel and Unusual Punishment.
The Miranda Warning.
Watergate.
Russias Court System.
The Court System of the USA.
The Court System of England and Wales.
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The book (monograph, article, passage) is entitled/headed .
The passage (article) under the heading is devoted to .
The article concerns (considers, deals with, comments on, covers, examines)... the problem of (the analysis of, material on, the description of, the state-of-the-art of, current views of, information on.
The author
- analyses, describes, examines, considers, reviews, studies
- presents, reports on, demonstrates, shows, concentrates on, focuses on, draws attention to, emphasizes, points out, stresses, gives a thorough treatment of
- suggests, proposes, offers
- comes up with an idea that, introduces the conception of
- reasons, hypotheses, theorizes that
- advocates, argues for/against, questions, criticizes, favors
- denounces, supports, believes
- raises objections against, is in favor of, is opposed to
- mentions, touches on, outlines, gives a rough sketch of
- continues, goes on to say that, proceeds to explain that
- sums up, summarizes, makes a conclusion that
- finishes by saying that
The main idea of (problem, issue, question, matter, point, subject, topic, discussion, case .
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2) 400-450 45 .
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1. The concept of natural law should be understood that
a) certain basic principles are under laws of nation
˅ b) certain basic principles are above laws of nation
c) basic principles are along laws of nation
2. Dracos laws were shockingly
˅ a) severe
b) lenient
c) funny
3. Hammurabis laws were an advance on earlier tribal customs because
a) the penalty could be lenient than the crime
˅ b) the penalty could not be harder than the crime
c) the penalty could be easier than the crime
4. Hammurabi was the first to
˅ a) promulgate the laws
b) deny the religious origin of the laws
c) systematize the laws
˅ d) invent proportionality principle
e) create the laws
˅ f) invent property qualification
g) invent the death penalty
˅ h) outlaw an unauthorized administration of justice
. 45 . .
The nobility in Athens had been making all the decisions for long enough. By 621 B.C. the people of Athens were no longer willing to accept arbitrary, oral rules of the aristocrats and judges. A severe ruler called Draco was chosen to draw up new laws and he made them so strict and cruel that the least sin was punished as if it had been a crime, and a man was sentenced to be hanged for stealing.
As a result of Draco's strict, unforgiving code, the adjective based on the name Draco draconian refers to penalties considered excessively severe. Through the laws of Draco, those in debt could be made slaves but only if they were members of the lower class. Another result of the codification of laws by Draco was the introduction of the concept of "intention to murder." Murder could be manslaughter (either justifiable or accidental) or intentional homicide.
