121160 . 61 . (. 112) ( ).
[1] - [5]. , . , [1] : (); (); - (-); , (/2) ; (2) : F ; , , ; 5 . [5] , ; ();, (); - (-); v (/2) (1 /2=1 = 106 ); (2) : , , , F .
, [1], [5], . [1]. , : (); (), () (). , [4] [3].
, : 2030 , , .. HBi>HB2+2030, ; HBi>HB2+5080, .
121. : [1, . 1219, 1]; [2, . 220223, 23.1].
:
1. . 1.1 [1] . 35 [3]
[σ] [t]cf-
2. , - 663669 (. 229 [1] . 95 [4]).
3. l .
4. l b : l =(l l )/2.
122. : [1, . 2026, 2]; [2, . 224225]; [4, . 151152, 8.1].
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:
1. E1 = E 2 = 2-105-106 μ1 = μ2 = 0,3.
2. ;
; -; F ; d l .
3. ∆:
∆ ().
4. Rzl = Rz2= 10 ∆ :
5. ∆ 14475 ( 1) ∆ min ∆max. , ∆ ∆ min , .
123. : [1, . 2753, 4]; [2, . 225237].
:
II. . 3.3 [1] σ .
2. . 3.4 [1] [n], [σ] = σ /[n].
3. dp=d 0,94, (. 3.1 [1] II [2]).
4. :
5. z = 2KT/(DofF). z .
124. , 123. :
l. . 3.3 [1] .
2. . 3.4 [1] [], 16... 30 , [σ] = σ/[n].
3. :
4. :
5. . 3.1 [1] [2] . , 24 p =3 , dp≈d-0,94p.
125. , 123.
, , 125 124.
z2, , :
1. []=0,25σ.
2. d0 1 , .
3. () Fr , : Fr = πd(2(0))τCp/4.
4. z2 = 2KT/(D0Fr). z2 .
126. : [1, . 2753]; [7, . 110111]; [11, 42].
126 . 5 123.
. 5 T = zFfd, [F] /(1,25 l).
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127. , 126.
:
1. σ [σ] (. . 1 2 124).
2. T=l,2Fl.
3. :
4.
F=1,3F0
5. . . 4 5 124.
128. : [1, . 145152, 23]; [2, . 301303]; (4, 5.2, 5.2].
:
1. [] : [σ] [ σ] (. 151 [1]).
2. :
948473 (. 3.2 [1]) (d, d1, d2 , p).
3. γρ γ = p /(πd2) '= arctg f /cos 15. . 5.1 [1].
4. z : = ψH d2, z = /. z > 10, .
5. D, D1 .
129. : [1, . 240247, 40 41]; [2, . 238240]; [4, . 149150]; [5, 6.4].
:
1. . 11.4 [1], . 8.14 [4], . 6.9 [5] d .
2. . 11.6 [1] . 102 [5] [σ].
3. lp :
4. l=lp + b (. . 11.4 [1] 1 . 6.9 [5]).
5. l , 5... 10 , .. l = l+(5... 10) .
130. , 129. :
1. . 6.10 [5] : b, h, l t1.
2. . 11.6 [1] . 102 [5] [σ]. [τ] ≈ 0,6 [σ]-
3.
4.
131. : [1, . 69104, 15]; [2, . 243268]; 5, 3.3].
:
1. :
N1 , 7, -.
2. z% Z1 ( Z1 = 18... 22). -
3. . 3.3 [5], . 6.4 [1], . 4.1 [4] , σ σ .
4. [σ]F1, [ σ ]F2:
σ F0 = 1,8 (. 6.7 [1], . 4.3 [4], . 3.9 [5]); Sf , , KfL (. 96 [1] . 47 [4] . 37 [5]).
5. z1 z2 Yf1 Yf2 (. 6,8 [1], . 265 [2], 35 [5]). [ σ ]f1/YFl [ σ ]F2/Yf2. , ( ).
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6. : ψbd (. 6.9 [1] . 5 [2] 2 ≤ 350); fβ (. 6.10 [1] . 3.7 [5]).
7. :
; 1 -; [σ]F .
m (. 6.1 [1] . 30 [5]).
8. : d, da, aw, b1 b2
9. Ft = 2T1/d1
10. ν = ω1d1/2-103 / .
11. KFv (. 102 [1], . 4.13 [4], . 3.8 [5]).
12. :
5%, 10%. b2
132. : [1, . 69117, 17]; [2, . 243268]; [, 3.3].
132 131, .
. 5 β ( (β = 8...18) zvl ==z1/cos3 β zv2 = z2/cos3 β , zvl zv2 Y F1 Y F2 (. 6.8 [1], . 265 [2], . 35 [5]) [σ]F1/ YF1 [σ]F21YF2. , .
. 7 :
; 1 ; [σ]F .
m (. 6.1 [1] . 30 [5]).
. 11 Kfv (. 1102 [1], . 4.13 [4], . 3.8 [5]).
. 12
133. : [1, . 69122]; [2, . 143268]; [5, 3.3].
133 . 131, .
. 5 β ( = 25... 40) zv1 = z1/cos3 β zv2 = z2/cos3 β, zvl zv2 YF1 YF2 (. 6.8 [1], . 265 [2], . 35 [5]) [σ]F1lYFl [σ]F2l YF2 , .
. 6 ψbd 2 . 6.9 [1]. Fβ , 131.
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. 7 , 132.
. 11 , , KFv (. 102 [1], . 4.13 [4], . 3.8 [5]).
. 12 , 122.
134. : [1, . 69129, 20]; [2, . 2692731; [5, 3.4].
134 131, .
. 2 Z1 ( z1 = 18... 28) z2.
. 5, , δ1 δ2, z v1 =z1 /cosδ 1 zv2 = z2/cosδ2 YF1 Y F2 (. 6.8 [1], . 265 [2], . 35 [5]). [σ]F1/YF2 [σ]F2IYF2. , .
. 6 : ψ bd (. 6.9 [1] . 5 [2]) Fβ, (. 6.10 [1] . 3.7 [5]).
. 7 :
; T1 *; [σ]F . .
. 8 d1 = z1 b = ψbd(d1) + (b sin δ1)/z1 ( ) (de1, de2, dae1, d2, Re R).
. 9 Ft = 2T1/d1.
. 12 σF = FFtKFβKFv/(0,85 bm) ≤ [σ]F.
135. : [1, . 69110, 16]; [2, . 243268]; [4, 4.4]; [5, 3.2].
:
1. 1 =10(3)N1/ω1 T2 = 1 , N1 ,- .
2. . 3.3 [5], . 6.4 [1], . 4.1 [4] , σb σ .
3. :
σH0 = 2 2 + 70 (. 6.5 [1], . 4.3 14], . 3.2 [5]); : SH KHL (. 94 95 [1], . 45 1 [4], . 28 [5].
4. . 6.9 [1] . 5 [2] ψbd ψba = 2ψbd/( + I), (. 108 [1]), . 6.11 [1] . 3.5 [5] ^ftd $-
5. :
aw ; 1 ; [σ] .
(. 108 [1], . 263 [2], . 30 [5]).
6. m=(0,01... 0,02) aώ (. 6.1 [1] . 30 [5]). m<2 .
7. :
z1≥ zmin = 17.
8. : d1 d2, aw, da1 d2, b2 b1 Ft. 0,01 .
9. v = ώ1d1/2 103 . 6.2 [1] . 49 [4] .
10. ψbd = b2/d1. ψbd hβ ( . 4). KHv (. 107 [1], . 4.11 [4], . 3.6 [5]).
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11.
10% 5%. (σh ≤ [σ]h) , b2, ψbd σ aw , .
12. Fr .
136. : [1, . 69118, 18]; [2, . 243268]; [4, 4.4, . 214215]; [5, 3.2, . 1851187, . 209211].
136 135, .
. 3 :
[σ] = 0,45 ([ σ ]h1 [σ]2). [σ] ≤ 1,23[ σ ]h2. , [σ] = 1,23[ σ ]h2.
. 5 :
aw ; T1 -; [ σ] . .
. 6 = (0,01/0,02)aw .
. 7 β ( β = 8...18) z1 = 2aw cos β /[(u + 1) ] z2, β cos β = {z1 + z2) mn/(2aw). cos β .
. 10 ψbd = b2/d2 Khb, Khv Khα. ψbd h β. KHv (. 118 [1], . 4.11 [4], . 3.6 [5]). Khα (. 118 [1], . 4.11 [4], . 3.4 [5])-
. 11
. 12 Fr Fa .
137. : [1, . 69122]; [2, . 243268]; [4, 4.4]; [5, 3.2].
137 136. , . , . ψbd 1,3 , ( 2 . 6.9 [1]), β =25... 40o. Fa=0.
138. : [1, . 69129 . 134, 21]; [2. . 269274]; [4, 4,5; 5, 3.4, . 214217].
:
1. T1 =103N1/ω1 2 = T1u, N1 , *.
2. . 3.3 [5], . 6.4 [1], . 4 [4] , σ b σ .
3. :
σh 0=2hb2+70 (. 6.5 [1], . 4.3 [4], . 3.2 [5]); : SH KHL (. 94 95 [1], . 45 [4], . 28 [5]).
4. . 6.9 [1] . 5 [2] ( ) ψpd . 6.11 [1] . 3.5 [5] KH β.
5. d1 b de2:
de2 b ([4, . 4.15]; . 6.12 [1] IV [2]).
6. zi z2. z1 = 18... 28 z1 2, ' = z2jz1. 3%.
7. = de2\z2 ( ).
8. Ft 52 : <1 dael, dae2, Re R.
9. Ft; . = dx\z{, v = (Ojdj/2-103. . 6.2 [1] . 49 [4] .
10. tybd = , $ Kfjv- ^ /// ( . 4). Ktfv (. 107 [1], . 4.11 [4], . 3.6 [5]).
11.
10% 5%. (σh ≤ [σ]h) , b, ψbd
12 : Fr1 Fr2 Fal, Fa2.
139. : [1, . 155173,. 29]; [2, . 304-314. 32.1 l ]; [5, 4.14.4, . 237240]; [4, 5.1]. : 1. :
N1 ; -; η . η = 0,95 (1 /200).
2. z1 , z2 z1≥28, z2.
3. [σ] . [σ] vs, vs 2,5... 5 /, . 8.4 [1], . 5.4 [4], . 4.9 [5] [σ].
4. q. q=10, . K=1.1.
5. :
aw ; T2 -; [σ] .
6. = 2aw\{q + z2) (. 160 [1], V [2], . 4.1 . 4.2 [5]). q. q.
7. q; aw m(q + z2)l2.
8. : d1, da1, dfl, b1 γ(tg γ=z1/q) : d2, da2, df2, daM2 b2.
9. vs a>ω1d1/ (2 10³cos γ) . 8.1 [1] 2 . 4.4 [5] 2 '.
10. η ' = 0,95 tg γ /[tg (γ + ')] '2 = 1 η'
11. , : Ft1= Fa2; Ft2 = Fa1; Fr1= Fr2
12. , . 3, [σ] vs
10%, 5%.
140. , 135. :
1. σ b σ t (cm. . 2 135).
2. . (. . 3 135). [σ]F1 [σ]F2 (. . 4 131).
3. ψbd, , ψba- Khβ (. . 4 135).
4. 1 aw (. . 5 135).
5. , : N1 = T1ω1/10³, .
6. d1 = 2aw/{u + 1) d2 b2 = ψbaAw
7. (. . 6 135).
8. z1 = d1/m z2 = d2/m, u = z2/z1 2,5% ≤ 4,5 4% > 4,5. , .
9. Ft = 2T1/d1 .
10. F1 YF2 (. . 5 131).
11. ψbd(. . 3) β(. 6.10 [1] . 3.7 [5]).
12. Kpv (. 102 [1] - . 3.8 [5]).
13. :
141. , 136. :
1. , σb σ (. . 2 135).
2. . (. . 3 136). [σ]F1 [σ]F2 (. . 4 131).
3. d1 d2.
4. aw (. 108 [1], . 263 [2], . 30 [5]) b2 = ψbaAw.
5. ψb Hβ (. . 4 135).
6. T1 aw (. . 5 136).
7. N1 (. . 5 140).
8. Ft =2T1/d1 .
9. β cos β = (z1 +z2) mn/(2aw). cos β .
10. zvl = z1/cos3 β zv2 =z2/cos3 β, zv1 zv2 YFl Y F2 (. 6.8 [1], . 265 [2], . 35 [5]) [σ]F1/ YF1 [σ]F2/ YF2.
, .
11. Fv (. . 12 140).
12. (. . 12 132).
142. , 137. :
1. , σ b σ (. . 2. 135).
2. . (. . 3 136). [ σ ]F1 [σ]F2 (. . 4 131).
3. ψbd, , 2 . 6.9 [1] ψ ba. ψbd hβ (. . 4 135).
4. 1 N1 (. . 6 7 141).
5. d1 = 2aw/(u + 1) d2 b2 = ψ ba aw
6. Ft = 2 T1/d1 .
7. β ( β = 25...40) = (0,01... 0,02) aw. (. . 6 135).
8. z1 = 2aw cos β /[(u + 1)mn] z2, u = z2/z1 , . 8 140.
9. . . 9, 10, 11 12 141.
143. , 138. :
1. , σb σ T (. . 2 135).
2. . (. . 3 138). [σ]Fl [ σ ]F2 (. . 4 131).
3. b ([4, . 4.15]; . 6.12 [1] IV [2]) d1
4. ψbd hβ (. . 6 134) dx T1 (. . 5 138).
5. N1 (. . 5 140).
6. z1 z2 (. . 6 138).
7. (. . 7 138), de1 δ1 δ2.
8. = d1/z1
9. zvl = z1/cos δ1 zv2 = z2/cos δ2 YFl YF2 (. 6.8 [1], . 265 [2], . 35 [5]). [σ]F1/ YFl [ σ ]F2 / YF2 . , .
10. Ft = 2Tl/d1 .
11. KFv (. . 12 140.)
12. (. . 12 134).
144. , 139. :
1. [σ] (. . 3 139).
2. [σ]F = (0,08 σ1 + 0,25 σ ) KFL (. 8.4 [1]), σ b σ (. 8.3 [1]), KFL = 0,543 .
3. : K = 1.2; q= 10; z1 = 2 z2.
4. 2 aw (. . 5 139) 1 = T2/uη), η ; η = 0,95 (1 u /200). : aw , [σ] , -.
5. , (. . 5 140).
6. m (. . 6 139) aw (. . 7 139).
7. d2, b2 Ft2 = 2T2/d2.
8. tg γ = z1/q, zv2 = z2/cos3 γ, YF2 (. 8.6 [1], . 4.5 [5], . 311 [2]).
: σ F = 0,7YF2Ft2K/(b2m)≤[ σ]F.
145. : [1, . 185211, 33]; [2, . 277288, 27.1]; [4, 6.1, 6.1]; [5, 5.1 5.2].
:
1. i
2. :
D1 (. 9.9 [1] . 61 [5]).
3. v (v ≤ 30 /).
4. D2 (. . 2).
5. l.
6. U=v/l ≤ [u]=5 -1. , l .
7. α 1. α 1 ≤ 150, .
8. δ δ /D≤1/40 . 9.1 1 [1] δ. , δ .
9. (. 9.3 [1]).
10. : = 1 0,003 (180 ) . 9.5 [1]; Cv = 1,04 0,0004v2, (. 9.6 [1] . 63 [5]); θ (. 9.7 [1]).
11. []
12. Ft = N1/v.
13. b = Ft/([Kn] δ) (. 9.1 [1]).
14. F0.
146. , 145.
146 145. : . 1, 6, 7, 12 . . 5 . . 13 Ft = δb [ ] , , N = Ftv .
147. : [1, . 185211, 34]; [2, . 277280]; [4, 6.2]; [5, 5.1 5.2].
:
1. : T1=103N1/ωl, N1 , T 1 *M.
2. 1 (. 5.6 [5]). T1 , .
3. D1 (. 9.4 [1] . 5.7 [5]). D1 - .
4. v (v ≤ 25 /), D1.
5. D2 ( . 9.10 [1] . 68 [5]).
6. , h . 9.2 [1] . 5.6 [5].
7. I ( 3 . 9.2 [1] . 68 [5]).
8. U=v/l -1. . > 10 -1 l.
9. I .
10. α1 α < 120, .
11. 0 [] (. 9.4 [1]).
12. : α = 1003(180 α1); Cv =
= 1,05 0,0005v2; Cp . 9.6 ( ) [1] . 63 [5].
13. [ ]-
14. Ft = N1/v .
15. S0 (. 9.2 11] . 5.6 [5]).
16. z = Ft/So [ ]- z > 8, .
17. F0 = zS0σ0.
148. , 147. 148
147, : . 1 i; . 2 ; . 3 D1; . 14 ; . 16 Ft = zS0 [ ] N1 = Ftv .
149. : [1, . 212224, 36]; [2, . 289294]; [4, 6.3]; [5, 5.3, . 190-193].
:
1. z1 (. 10.3 [1] . 84 [5]) z2. z2 ≤ 120. z1.
2. T 2 = FD/2 103 - 1 .
3. n1=60-103 vu /(πD) / [], n 1 / ω1 = π n 1 /30 / (. 5.15 [5] . 6.13 [4] . 10.5 [1]).
4. : K, , , , (- 220 [1] . 86 [5]) .
5.
(. 10.1 [1] . 5.12 [5]).
6. n 1 ≤ [1] (ω 1 ≤ [ω 1 ]) . 5.14 [5] . 10.2 [1].
7. v = pz1 ω 1
8. N1 = 1 ω 1 , Ft = 10³ N1 / ω 1.
9. p=FtK/S, S = d0B (. 10.1 [1] . 5.12 [5]).
10. [] < []. , .
11. 1.
150. , 149. :
1. i ω 1 ω 2.
2. 1 = 10³ N1 / ω 1 ., N1 .
3. z1 z2 (. . 1 149). z2 ≤ 140.
4. . 3 4 149
ψt = 2... 8 . = ψt p. (. 5.17 [5]).
151. : [1], . 253264, 43; [2, . 319322 34.1]; [5, 7.6].
:
1. l l/d 0,5... 1:3.
2. . 7.21 [5] . 12.1 [1] [] [pv].
3. R = dl [p] .
4. v = ω d/2 103, /.
5. pv < [pv] ( = []) .
152. , 151.
152 , 151, : . 3 []; . 4 v = [pv]/p, /; . 5 ω.
153. : [1, . 264 283, 38 46]; [2, . 322 330]; ]4, 7.2]; [5, 7.1 7.3].
:
1. R1B R2B Fr Rlr R2r Ft.
2.
( ).
3. . Fa , .
4. d (. 12.2 [1], . .4 [4], . .8 [5]).
5. : =1 ( ); b . 7.2 [5], . 273 [1]; = 1 (t < 100).
6. RE = RrKkK.
7. :
Lh , .
154. , 153.
154 153,; . 1, 2 3 ; . 4 , . 5, 6 7.
155. : [1, . 264283, 98 47]; [2, . 322330, 34.2]; [4, 7.2, 7.1, . 216221]; [5, 7.17.3, .194197].
:
1. R1b R2b F r F a R1 R2r Ft.
2. :
3. Fa 2, F a/Rr2 (. 7.5 [5]). F a/Rr2 < 0,35, 0 (. 12.2 [1] . . 4 [4] . . 8 [5]). :
1) Ra/ Co ( Ra = Fa) (. 12.3 [1] . 7.3 [5]);
2) X Y . Ra/(KK R r2) < , X = 0,56, a Y ;
3) , (. . 5 153);
4) ( 2, Fa):
5) Ra/(KK R r2) < , X=1, Y= 0 RE = XKkR r2KKt;
6) (. . 7 153).
4. F a/Rr2 > 0,35, - (. 7.5 [5]):
1) 0 . .7 [4] . . 11 [5] ( , - , , (. . 59). , , ;
2) Rsl = eRr1 Rs2 = eR r2, , Ra/C0 (Ra = Fa) (. 12.3 [1] . 7.3 [5]);
3) Ral Rai (. . 275 [1] . 7.6 [5]);
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, , .
==> ...