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, , /
, , /
( , . .) ..
,
, , ( ) (, . .)

.

 

 

 

, . . .  

 

 

.

, -   (export management company, EMC) , . : ( , , ) ( , , ). - (Webb-Pomeren Association) , . , , , , . (international trading company) , . . (, sogo sosha). (manufacturer's agents) . (manufacturer's export agents) , . - (export and import brokers) , , , . - (freight forwarders) - , .  

 


.

(liccensing) , () () .

: . . . : , . . . . , .  

.

(franchising) , ( franchisee) ( franchisor) . , , . , , , , . : . . . : , . . . : . . .

.

: (contract manufacturing) , . (management contract) , , , , , . . (turnkey contract) , , . ϻ (BOT, built operate - transfer).
(foreign direct investments, FDI) .     . . .

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