ai, ay - [ei] pain, layer;
air - [eэr] hair;
igh - [ai] sigh;
au, aw - [o:] august, awful;
ea - [i:] neat; бывают исключения [e] sweat, [ei] break);
ear - [iэ] dear, [eэ] bear;
ee - [i:] peel;
eer - [iэ] beer;
ei, ey - [ei] eight, convey (редко [i:] ceiling; конечное безударное ey - [i] money;
oa - [ou] toad;
oar - [o:] board;
oi, oy - [oi] coin, toy;
ou, ow - [au] spouse, now, (иногда [ou] know);
конечное безударное ow - [ou] widow;
our, owr - [auэ] hour, dowry;
ough - [o:] brought;
oo - [u:] pool;
ook - [uk] book;
oor - [uэ] poor;
eu, ew - [ju:] dew, neutral;
eur - [juэ] Europe;
закрытые wa, wha - [wo] what, was; war - [wo:] war, wor - [wэ:r] work;
конечное all - [ɔ:l] tall;
конечные ind, ild - [aind], [aild] kind, mild.
Чтение согласных
Звонкие согласные в английском языке не оглушаются и сохраняют свою звонкость в любой позиции слова или предложения, например, a bed [bed]. То есть последний звук будет именно [d], а не [t]. Оглушение звонкой согласной ведет к изменению смысла слова. В русском языке данное явление отсутствует. Например, слово прут и пруд произносятся одинаково и это не влияет на смысл.
Глухие согласные в английском языке не озвончаются и сохраняют глухость перед любым звонким согласным в слове и на стыке слов в предложении: I sit behind it [ai sit be'haindit]. Иначе смысл слова может измениться. Согласные произносятся твердо в любой позиции: pet – [p], bill – [b].
Ударение в словах
Для того, чтобы правильно произнести слово, нужно правильно поставить ударение. Обычно оно обозначается в транскрипции апострофом и ставятся перед ударным слогом. Необходимо помнить, что в каждом двусложном или многосложном слове ударение фиксированное, произвольный сдвиг ударения приводит к акценту или к изменению смысла слова: ’impact – удар, imꞌpact – ударять, ’subject – предмет, sub'ject – подчинять, подвергать.
Ряд двусложных и многосложных слов имеют два ударения, чего нет в русском языке: ’armꞌchair, afterꞌnoon. Слова, состоящие из четырех и более слогов, обычно имеют главное и второстепенное ударения. (См. также приложения в конце пособия).
Тренировочные упражнения
1. Прочитайте следующие слова, обратите внимание произношение гласных звуков:
1) be, feel, we, me, see, meet, deed, feet, need
2) it, is, in, ill, sit, fill, live, win, till, mill
3) bed, pen, ten, tell, set, let, met
4) tie, lie, my, pie, die, life, time, five, nine, smile
5) man, bad, hat, lamp, glad, fat, cat, black, sack
6) day, late, tale, main, pain, rain, male, fail
7) park, mark, arm, are, car, farm, large
8) air, chair, care, fair, rare, parent
9) her, term, bird, firm, burn, turn, fur, learn
10) sorry, story, warm, word, door, all, taught, talk
2. Напишите транскрипцию согласных звуков данных слов:
1) think, thing, thin, thought, death, threat
2) sing, song, bang, long, something, going, hung, wrong
3) this, that, those, the, these, there, other, another
4) ship, shop, she, clash, sharp, shine, shame, shape
5) chess, chop, chamber, charm, charity, future
6) phone, photo, phenomenon, phantom, pharos, philharmonic, phase
7) knife, know, knock, knit, knight, knee, knack
8) what, where, when, wheel, whiff, whip, whim
3. Прочтите следующие слова, напишите транскрипцию 10 слов из каждого пункта:
Light, fight, might, straight, caught, daughter, haughty, neigh, sleight, eight, freight; rough, enough, laugh, nigh, Hugh, knight, height, weight, weigh, taught, thought, bought, fought, ought; special, mission, passion, session, nation, action, caution, tradition, mention, collection, dictation, option, demonstration, special.
Asia, Russia, Russian, politician, musician, glacial, especial, explosion, corrosion, illusion, collision, vision, confusion; lecture, future, furniture, nature, culture, century; pressure, sure, measure, treasure, pleasure; school, chemistry, mechanics, architect, machine, moustache, niche, limb, lamb, autumn, hymn, guard, guest.
Due, dew; tube; fare, far; red;, wasp; match; bar, bare; car, care; her, here; heal, health; on, son; ponder; grove, glove; peer; fire; sir, sire; mood, blood; rouse, cousin; cut, put; rush, far, fare; cur, cure; pudding; go, to, rood, good, rather, father; nude, rude; suit, drew; truly; nude, rude; dew, strew; strange, haste, steak, speak;, post; cloth, nobble; now.
Body, puny, cabin, radish, finish, civil, eight, weight, field; great, break, year, pear; eye, height, either, deed, dead, r, wealth; peasant; please, pleasant; ear, early, earth; hear, wild; mill, mild; command; small, smell,, salt; face, lace, last; class, clasp; bathe, sold; hole, hold; bull, pull, full; moon, too, floor, blood, out, now, how, row, blow, reply; friend, heart, good.
Father, man, what, girl, first, who, no, son, daughter, child, work, learn, boys, works, live, four, fifth, your, Tuesday, Monday, good, school, go, do, room, all, small, wall, very, night, eight, twice, air, shine, young, weak, write, Thursday, chair, those, meal, each, year, weather, cook, book, din, give, live, color, house, flower, window, warm, feather, longer, friend, trees.
Grow, how, dead, meadow, eat, water, this, thing, chalk, board, teeth, thin, white, night, red, nose, low, moustache, eye, blind, deaf, head, road, mount, horse, cousin, young, see, eat, people, we, pure, here, learn, early, crow, now, grow, great, head, eat, swallow, straw, call, worm, hear, early, year, learn, bush, jug, put, month, fond, catch, saucer, pour, our.
4. Yesterday, excite, except, during, run, brought, caught, bite, right, quite, quick, thank, this, thing, those, thin, thirsty, home, early, nearly, clear, bear, learn, eggs, go, throw, finger, hunger, longer, easy, rose, houses, horses, as, this, has, us, is, was, bag, back, alone, saw, poor, door, pour, heap, heard, clear, early, now, bought, house, town, several.
Smooth, tooth, month, mouth, bright, brought, mighty, caught, daughter, eight, own, blown, town, word, world, tomorrow, whose, froze, grows, nose, throws, write, who, whole, while, wrong, tear, earth, third, turn, learn, early, paid, made, laid, said, put, butter, right, wrong, guard, hard, move, love, firm, sight, side, stone, ship, sheep, heart.
4.Назовите по порядку буквы в следующих словах, дайте их транскрипцию и определите, сколько букв и сколько звуков в каждом слове:
Ceiling, window, chair, piece, chalk, word, question, color, light, blue, come, eight.
5. Прочитайте следующие слова вслух, обратимте внимание на то, по каким правилам они читаются:
a) mine, type, bid, did, fine, pit, five, me, meet, lend, seem, pep, beef, see, sea, send, pie, pale, tape, same, Sam, land, tame, aim, leave, beat, man, dent, fit, style, pet, stay, cap, peck, gate, gem, gas, age, gym, egg, gin, game, Jim, Jane, shame, dish, she, shape, chest, chin, theme, faith, thick, thin;
b) note, lot, code, cot, tone, sock, bone, moon, look, took, fool, cool, cook, sport, corn, or, fork, cart, cell, cod, spin, mice, star, cup, cube, nut, mute, butter, rung, huge, wake, weak, wig, wine, way, weed, coin, boy, toy, join, now, out, scout, wash, watt, whale, wheat, whole, why, who, whose;
c) quite, quick, quest, quiz, quaver, quits; small, fall, tall, call, all; chalk, walk, stalk, chalk; new, few, stew, pew, hew, pewter, hewn, news; write, wrest, wrung, wrist, wreck, wrap, wry, wrong; English, angry, angle; high, nigh, right, bright, might, light, fight;
d) she, meek, reel, grim, happy, pony, sack, lad, darn, got, lard, pond, mule, bloom, butter, ugly, fly, cube, seep, pep, send, stove, made, plate, mean, heat, pine, sty, teach, close, shelf, cock, tape, tone, bud, fun, tube, far, hard, term, bird, skirt, thirsty, icy, free, party, peg, gent, peck, skin, single.
