A: Bill, how long will you have been studying at the university before you've got your first degree?
B: I'll have been studying for three years before I've got a bachelor's degree.
A: How long will you have been learning English before you've passed it?
B: /'// have been learning English for four years before I've passed it.
A: How long will you have been working as a lawyer before
you retire?
B: I hope, I’ll have been working as a lawyer for 40 years
before I retire.
A: Success attends you!
2. Use the Future Perfect Continuous.
1. By next year we (live) in this city for twenty-five years.
2. By this time next week, he (work) on his book for a year.
3. Do you realize that on September 15, you (repair) our car for three months?
4. We (fly) non-stop for three hours before we get to London tomorrow.
5. Radio waves from Earth (travel) for light years before anyone picks them up.
6. I (write) my course paper for two month before I defend it.
7. The children (play) out of doors the whole evening till their parents return home.
8. My father (dig) in the garden for three hours before he plants these bushes.
9. We (admire) the beautify of Italy for two weeks before we leave home.
10. By the time he arrives, I (pick) apples in our garden for two hours.
11. My mother (sit) in front of the TV-set for the whole evening till I come home.
12. By the end of this year I (live) in England for three years.
13. I (cook) for a few hours before the quests arrive.
14. The children (decorate) the New-Year tree for the whole evening before they go to bed.
3. Describe the situation, using the Future Perfect Continuous and the proper verb form in the subordinate clause: the Present Indefinite or the Present Perfect.
Model: By the time / he / to retire / he / to climb mountains / for twenty years.
By the time he retires he will have been climbing mountains for twenty years.
1. The children / to do homework / for two hours / before / the film/ to begin.
2. The students / to prepare for the exam / for three days / before / they / to pass / it.
3. The staff of the company / to discuss the project / for a few days / before it / to be signed.
4. I / to translate the article / for an hour / before /1 / finish / it.
5. We / travel / in France / for a fortnight / before / we / to go to England.
6. I / to pack my things / for two hours / before the taxi / to arrive.
7. Mr Smith / to check up the students' papers for an hour / before / they / to show the football match on TV.
8. By the end of the year /1 / wear this suit / for two years. It's time I bought another one.
9. I / to stay in this hotel / for two weeks / by the end of my business trip.
10. Mrs Green / to take care of her grandchildren / for a month / until / her daughter / to return from abroad.
11. I / to paint the floor in the house / for a few days / before / we / to move in.
12. By the end of this month / this shop / to sell / furniture / for a year.
13. I see my bicycle is not ready yet. How long / you / to repair it / before / I / to be able / to use / it?
14. It's raining cats and dogs. I wonder / how long / it / to rain / before / we / to be able / to go for a walk.
15. The artist / to paint / his new picture / for about 6 month / before / he to expose / it / at our local museum.
16. By the end of next month / my grandfather / write / his memoirs of the war for a year.
4. Use the Future Perfect Continuous or the Future Perfect. Note where both are possible.
1. By the end of March he (live) here for three years.
2. They will be tired when they get there. They (travel) all day.
3. The (have) lunch by the time we arrive.
4. We (fly) nonstop for six hours by the time the plane lands.
5. I (work) for this company for thirty years by the end of October.
6. By July I (learn) English for three years.
7. They (stay) here for five weeks by Monday.
8. By tea time she (play) tennis for three hours.
9. By next June Ann (study) in London for a year.
10. The children (sleep) for eight hours by breakfast time.
11. I (write) a thesis for two six months by the end of the year.
12. How long you (study) in this group by February?
13. I (write) my homework by six o'clock.
14. They (complete) the new bridge by the end of the year.
15. By the end of this week, I (wait) three months for my car to be repaired.
16. I hope I (finish) this report by the end of the day.
17. She (leave) for work before the children get home from school.
18. They (complete) work on the great dam by the end of this decade.
19. He (work) in the North for two years by the time he retire.
20. By the end of the year he (climb) 10 mountains. He (climb) for 10 years by that time.
21. By the end of this month I (save) for thee years, and I hope I (bye) a new car by my wife's birthday.
5. Make up short dialogues according to the model, using the Present Perfect or the Future Perfect Continuous.
Model: A: Have you just started cattle farming?
B: Oh no. By the end of the month I'll have been cattle farming for five years. (/ shall is the technically correct form here, but / will/I'll is more often heard.)
1. collecting stamps? 2. painting? 3. playing the violin? 4. sailing? 5. complaining? 6. going to meetings? 7. writing to the papers? 8. translating documents? 9. flying jets? 10. reading The Times? 11. working for Bill? 12. riding a motorbike?
6. Put the verbs into the Present Indefinite or the Future Indefinite, the Present Perfect or the Future Perfect, the Future Continuous or the Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
1. I think she (hear) all about it by the time I (see) her.
2. I promise, I (finish) this book by the weekend and then I (give) it to you.
3. The children (be) hungry when they (get in) because they (run around) all afternoon.
4. This government (be) in power for eight years soon but I don't think they (win) the next election.
5. You have breakfast already? If not, I (make) you something.
6. Don't phone them now. They (not get) home yet. They (probably get back) at about half-past eight.
7. I think they (finish) building the house by the time the winter (come) and then we (move in) by the New Year.
8. I expect they (be) tired when you (see) them because they (work) all day.
9. If I (come) and see the film with you on Saturday, I (see) it six times. But it's the best film I ever (see). I think you (love) it.
10. Why don't you come round at 9 o'clock? The children (go) to bed by that time so it (be) nice and peaceful.
11. They might be tired when you see them because they (work) hard since morning.
12. We hope that life in this region (return) to normal within a couple of months, although it (take) many years before they (repair) the structural and emotional damage of the war.
13. You (lend) me your season ticket? -1 (not to lend) it to you because it's against the law.
14. When I get home, my dog (sit) at the door waiting for me. I (feed) the dog before I (go) to bed.
15. You (have) lunch with me tomorrow? - I'd love to, but I'm afraid I (do) my exam at that time.
16. He spends all his spare time planting trees. He says that by the end of next year he (plant) more than one thousand.
17. I hope they (repair) this road by the time we (come) here next summer.
18.1 know that the first day of the term (be) horrible for me, for everybody (talk) about their holidays and they (show) photographs of foreign beaches, but as I (not to be) anywhere I (feel) terrible of it.
19. You (read) the notes for the meeting? - No, not yet, but tomorrow I (sit) on the bus for two hours, so I (do) it then.
20. The government (make) a promise. They (not to increase) taxes during the next year.
21. Would you like to come over for dinner on Sunday? - Well unfortunately, I (work) all day and I (be) very tired.
22. I'm going to Hide Park to hear the people making speeches. - By the time you (get) there they (finish) their speeches and everybody (go) home.
23. In the future more and more people (use) mobile telephone. It's the first time I (use) this telephone today.
24. I hope you (inform) me as soon as the director (sign) my application. - Don't worry I think he (sign) it by tomorrow.
7. Use the proper tense form applying the sequence of tenses rule.
1. I asked the clerk at the enquiry-office if I (have) to change when I (go) by train to Moscow and if the tram (arrive) on time as my father (wait) for me at the station.
2. We knew that our boss (catch) a cold when he (go) on business and (be ill) for two weeks already and nobody (know) when he (recover).
3. She told me last night that she (be going) for a swim in the morning if she (wake) early.
4. He hoped that he (have) a good rest if he (go) on holiday alone.
5. I knew that she (be worried) by the letter she (receive) some days ago, and was glad to know that things (take) a turn for the better.
6. At last we knew him well enough to ask about what (happen) to him when he (refuse) to join our company.
7. We hoped that we (arrive) at the station just on time and were very disappointed when we (find) out that our train (leave) already.
8. She said nothing to me except that she (turn) down the job she (look) for so long. She couldn't give any explanation until she (understand) herself what (happen).
9. An old friend of mine rang me up and asked if I (have) a good time in Italy and if I (go) to the concert with him in two days as he already (buy) the tickets.
10. Nobody understood why she (invent) that story and (not tell) the truth about him.
11. I didn't think I ever (see) him before, and hoped I never (see) him in future.
12. He was sure that nobody (disturb) him when he (work) at his report in the library.
8. Read the text and discuss the information given in each paragraph.
Use the following words and phases often used in discussions: in my opinion, personally; on the contrary; obviously, actually;
hopefully; I suppose; as a result, eventually; in conclusion, to sum up; evidently, apparently; luckily, fortunately, etc.
This Changing World
What will our world be like in the 21st century? Scientists today are analyzing statistics that show how the world has changed in previous years and using them are trying to predict the future. They want to know what sort of jobs we will be doing, what technology we will be using in our daily lives, what kind of homes we will be living in and what our world will look like in the 21st century.
There are some growing trends and the scientists' predictions for the future.
The first computers appeared right after World War II and since then they have been changing the lives of millions of people all over the world. Computers have already become the foundation of the modern working world. Today, virtually all types of jobs use them to some degree and all the countries are affected by the "computer revolution". In the 21st century most families will be using computers in the home to do a wide variety of tasks. The vast bulk of the technology we will be using a generation from now already exists in some form. Over 3 million British households have personal computers today and a further 650,000 are expected to acquire them in the next year. In 25 years' time computers will be a million times faster than they are today and will work in a way that resembles the human brain. They will have become easier to use, but anyone who has not learnt how to use the new technology will be seriously dis-advantaged, particularly in the field of employment.
In the 21st century we will almost certainly be living in a warmer world. The world will continue to use fossil fuels which release carbon dioxide, the main cause of global warming. Damage done to the ozone layer by man-made chemicals will mean that our children will have an increased risk of developing skin cancer. We will be living in a world with less energy available and we will be forced to reduce our energy consumption.
By the beginning of 21st century a population explosion will have taken place in the developing world. In developed countries, the size of the population will have established, but the proportion of older people will have increased dramatically and there will be problems associated with care of the elderly and increasing pressure on tbc medical services. It may no longer be possible for the government to provide pensions for everybody.
Statistics show that society is becoming more violent. 95% of Britons think that it is unsafe to walk the streets at night; 85% believe that it used to be safer 30 years ago. The average person's risk of becoming a victim of violent crime has trebled since 1979. This trend will almost certainly continue. Rising crime will be one of the main problems that people in the 21st century will have to deal with.
Discuss: The 21st century: for better or worse.
Use the following words and phrases in your discussion. to be optimistic / pessimistic about the future; to look forward to; to be a better / worse place; to be nervous about the future; to expect a drop / a rise in standards of living; growing unemployment; to have little confidence in the government; the future looks good / hopeless; to enjoy great security; to find the cure for many life-threatening diseases, etc.
Tense Revision (Active Voice)
1. Choose the correct word or phrase in each sentence.
1. When did you last go/have you last been to the cinema?
2. We'd better wait here until the rain stops/will stop.
3. I've finished my exams, so I'm having/I have a party tomorrow.
4. Why do you stare/are you staring at me like that? - You look/are looking beautiful today.
5. When the phone rang I had/was having coffee in the kitchen.
6. I can't go out because I haven't finished/I didn't finish my homework yet.
7. How long are you working/have you been working here?
8. I'm waiting for Kate. Have you seen/Did you see her?
9. Your suitcase looks very heavy. Will I/Shall I help you?
10. When I was a child, I used to ride/was riding a tricycle.
11. What do you do/are you doing! - I'm a student.
12. When we arrived home, it already stopped/had stopped raining and the children sat/were sitting outside the door waiting for us.
13. At the beginning of the film I realized that I saw/had seen it before.
14. I'll get in touch with you as soon as I know/will know the results.
15. I'm sorry, I can't talk long. I study/am studying for an examination.
16. I stay/am staying at the Hotel Superior. Why don't you call me?
17. "What did you do/were you doing when you saw the snake?" - I ran away!
18. By the time the police get there, the burglars will have vanished/vanished.
19. I'm sorry I haven't written/I didn't write to you lately, but I've been working/worked hard this term.
20. When I was on holiday last summer, I was going/went to the beach every day and lie/was lying in the sun since morning till afternoon.
21. The last bus had gone/went so I made/did my way on foot.
22. Athens is/are becoming more and more attractive to tourists. Have you made/done much progress with your Greek9
23. Although the city seem/seems to some big and noisy, tourists still find/are finding a lot of quiet places with romantic atmosphere to enjoy a tasty Greek meal and listen to traditional music.
24. The number of taxis in Athens is/are amazing and apart from the rash hour it is quite difficult to get hold of one when one need/needs it.
2. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
Model: He left before my arrival.
When I arrived, he had already left.
1. In the middle of my meal, the telephone rang (while).
2. I'm sorry, but Mrs White isn't here (go out).
3. I last saw David in 1990 (since 1990).
4. Are you free tomorrow evening? (do).
5. I have come to stay with you for the weekend (stay).
6. What's your usual time of arrival at school? (When?)
7. My niece started playing tennis six months ago (for six months).
8. I'll wait here until it stops raining (when... leave).
9. Do you need any help with your suitcase? (Shall...?)
10. I'm not very good at this game (play). Ц. You are always late! (never come).
12. I'll be too busy to meet you tomorrow. (I think/... not meet.)
13. I started working three years ago (for three years).
14. Hurry up! We'll get to the theatre after the beginning of the play. (By the time....)
15. Oh no! My wallet is missing. (Oh, no!... lose.)
16. Our meeting is tomorrow, (have/ tomorrow.)
17. Do you know how to drive this kind of car? (before.)
18. I haven't been to the cinema for two months. (The last/... ago.)
19. We have never flown in helicopter before. (This is the first time...)
20. This is my first visit to Japan. (It's the first time....)
21. Their twenty-fifth wedding anniversary is at the end of next year. (By the end of next year /... to be married.)
3. Open the brackets.
At the Dentist's
I was on time for my dentist's appointment, but the dentist (be) still busy with another patient, so I (sit) in the waiting room (and (read) some of the old magazines lying there. While I (wonder) whether to leave and come back another day, I (notice) a magazine article about teeth. It (begin): "How long is it since you last (go) to the dentist? (you go) regularly every six months? Or (you put) off your visit for the last six years?" Next to the article (be) a cartoon of a man in a dentist's chair. The dentist (say), I'm afraid this (hurt). I (suddenly realize) that my tooth (stop) aching. But just as I (open) the door to leave, the dentist's door (open). "Next, please", he (call), as the previous patient (push) past me. "Actually I'm not here to see you, I (wait) for my friend", I (shout), leaving as rapidly as I could.
(You ever do) this kind of thing? Surely I can't be the only person who (hate) the dentist!
4. Put the verbs in brackets into the proper tense form. Complete the stories.
1.
It (happen) in June 1995. It (be) summer and we (all/lie out) in the garden. My mother (read) and my uncle (just/doze) in the sun. We, children, look for) worms and insects. And then he (arrive). He (be) a tall, handsome man with piercing blue eyes and he (look) straight at my mother. Her face (go) pale and her eyes (open) wide with shock. "Arthur, I (think) you (be) dead", she (say) in a kind of whisper.
2.
A: I (phone) you at about 9 o'clock this morning but you (not answer). What (you/do)?
B: Well, I (hear) the phone but I (have) a shower and I could not get out in time to answer it. Anyway, what (you/want)?
A: Well, last night I (clean out) that old desk you (give) me when I (come across) a pile of old letters with a red ribbon round them.
B: My letters?
A: Yes, they (be addressed) to you. And they (all/smell) of perfume, a man's perfume.
3.
Last night Jake (wake up) at about 3 a.m. As soon as be (wake up), be (listen out) for strange noises but be (not hear) any. His father (snore) in the next room, some central heating pipes (make) a bit of a noise and a tap (drip) in the bathroom. It was all as usual. Jake (open) the window and (look) outside. The moon (be) full and it (shine) brightly. Jake (think) he (see) an owl in one of the trees. He certainly (hear) one. But then he (see) something different. A man - no, it (be) a woman. She (wear) white and she (hide) behind a tree. Suddenly she (run) towards the house. Jake (shut) the window and (not know) what to do. He (remain) motionless for a minute and then....
5. Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense.
1 While I (try) to get my car started, a passing car (stop) and the driver (offer) to help me.
2 The police (pay) no attention to the woman's complaints because she (phone) so many times before.
3. They (get) married next month and they (want) you to come to the wedding.
4. I (phone) about your advertisement for a bicycle for sale, which I (see) in the local paper. (You sell) it or is it still available?
5. The police (think) that they (find) your missing wallet, so call this number.
6. Sorry, could you say that again? I (not listen) to you.
7. We (walk) for two hours already. Let's have a rest. We (not, eat) anything since morning.
8. This tooth (kill) me lately! So I (make) an appointment with the dentist for Monday.
9. The train (arrive) at 8 tomorrow evening, so I (meet) them at the station. I (take) a taxi.
l0. Which hotel does (she stay) in when she (come) here? - Oh, I (see) her today. She (come) yesterday and (stay) in the Orion. - You (happen) to know her telephone number? - Sure.
11. I (stand) here for a quarter of an hour already. I'll get some money from the bank when it (open). - What you (want) to buy? -1 (go) on holiday tomorrow and (return) in a month.
12. I'm sure you (feel) better after you (take) the medicine. I (want) you to believe me.
13. When I (see) her tomorrow, I (tell) her this news, if she (want) to listen to me.
14. She (carry) this heavy bag all the way. That's why she is so tired. Why you (not/help) her?
15. (you ever think) what exactly (you do) after you (graduate) from university?
16. According to computer experts, computers (make) soon accurate predictions about the future, but people (not be able) to do it.
17. Professor Vincent, from Cambridge University (believe) that by the 2050, computers (replace) teachers, and (also do) most of the jobs that the police (do) now. "Computers (become) more intelligent all the time", he says. "Soon they (direct) traffic and (teach) our children and also they (tell) us about the future!"
18. Venice slowly (sink) into the sea. Scientists (try) to save it and (work) hard at this problem for many years already. But by the time they (find) the answer, the city probably (sink)
6. Open the brackets, using the proper form of the verb.
1.
Dear Aunt Jean,
I (just write) to tell you how much I (appreciate) the money you (send) me and to tell you how I (get on) in my first term at university. I (study) quite hard, but at the moment I (spend) a lot of time just making friends. I (think) I (buy) some new clothes with the money you (send). Everything (cost) a lot here, and I (save) to buy a winter coat. It (get) really cold here in the evenings. I (also learn) to drive.
With love. Kate
In the Countryside
I (come) from a large family and recently my parents (decide) that they (spend) enough living in an overcrowded house in London. "We (move) to the country", my father (announce) one evening. "I (sell) this house, and we (live) on a farm". So last week we (load) all our possessions into two hired vans and for the last few days we (try) to organize ourselves in our new home. The house (be situated) among beautiful scenery, two miles from the nearest village surrounded by fields. On a hill a short distance from the house is a wood, and a small stream (flow) past the end of the garden, which also (contain) a small
pond. The name of the house, Rose Cottage, is on the garden gate from which a path (lead) to the front door. The village nearby (have) a post office, pub and supermarket, and there (be) a railway station three miles away. Unfortunately the school in the village (close down) two years ago, and my parents (not find) another school for us yet. But, fortunately, the surroundings (be) really very beautiful. As the days (be) very hot, we (look) forward to cool evenings. My parents (spend) a lot of time in the garden. Yesterday my mother (hurt) herself on a thorn while she (pick) some roses. I (dream) to see our garden in spring, when all apple trees (be) covered in white blossom. Father (just become) a member of the fish club. My elder brother (work) as a car mechanic in a local garage for a week already and he says he (earn) a high salary. Mother (think) about getting a job as a typist. Mrs Grant, our neighbour, (be) a good employer and (pay) her staff well. I (be) afraid we (have to go) to the nearest school by bus, as our parents (be) very busy to drive us there in the car.
7. Use the proper form of the verbs. Complete the story.
Birthplace
When the bus (stop) in a small square, Jane (read) her magazine and (not realize) that she (arrive) at her destination. "This (be) Santa Teresa", Martin (say). "You (arrive) home! I suppose your aunt (wait) for us. Come on. I (carry) the bags!"
Jane (think), "All those years when I (live) in New York, I (use) to dream of this moment. And now it (be) real, I can't believe it. Here I am, I (stand) really in the square".
Santa Teresa (be) Jane's birthplace, but she (leave) the town at the age of six. She had some memories of the town and some photographs but she (not know) anybody here, except her aunt Maria who (live) not far from the town since she (get) married.
Nobody (wait) for them in the square. Perhaps her aunt (not receive) Jane's letter. "What we (be going) to do now?" asked Martin. 'There (not be) even a hotel here! We (take) the last bus from here or we (go) to your aunt's place?"
Jane (not be) very surprised. She (think) her aunt (be) too busy to meet her at the station, but she (say) nothing. Just at this time a car (stop) in front of them. The driver (open) the door and (say), "Please, follow me".
8. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form.
1. The director (not to allow) the actors to travel by air while they (work) on the film last time.
2. When I arrived at the meeting the first speaker just (finish) speaking and the audience (clap).
3. I remember that while I (learn) to drive I (have) ten accidents.
4. Yesterday he (have) a bad fall while he (repair) the roof of his house.
5. While we (fish) someone came to the house and (leave) this note for us.
6. The exam just (begin) and the candidates (write) their names at the top of their papers.
7. I lit the fire at 6.00 and it (burn) brightly when Jane (came) in at 7.00.
8. When I arrived, the lecture (start) already and the professor (write) something on the blackboard.
9. He was very polite. Whenever his wife (enter) the room he (stand) up.
10. What you (think) of his last book? - I (like) it very much. It's the most interesting book I ever (read).
11. When she (leave) school, she cut her hair and (wear) it short ever since.
12. Mr Blake is the bank manager. He (be) here for twenty-five years. He says he (be going) to retire soon.
13. We (miss) the last bus. Now we (walk) home in the rain and (feel) ourselves miserable.
14. You (know) that lady who just (leave) the shop? She (be) a customer of yours?
15. You (see) my bag anywhere? I (look) for it for ages but I haven't found it yet.
16. You are tired. You (drive) all day. Let me drive now.
17. That helicopter (fly) round the house for the last hour. You (think) it (take) photographs?
18. The radio (play) since 7 a.m. I (have) a headache, and I want you to turn it off.
19. He (study) Russian for two years but he (not learn) even the alphabet yet.
20. That house (be) empty for a year. But they (take) down the "For Sale" sign today, so I suppose someone (buy) it already.
21. I (phone) you twice yesterday and (get) no answer. Where (you be) and what (you do) the whole day?
22. It (snow) for three days now. The roads (block) if it (not to stop) soon.
23. He (sleep) since ten o'clock. It's time he woke up. He (be) to be at college in ten minutes.
24. I only (hear) from him twice since he (go) away. I (not see) him for ages.
25. Sam, why (you make) such a horrible noise? - I (lose) my key and I (try) to wake my mother but she (not to hear) anything.
26. We (buy) a new flat not long ago and we (move) in very soon. We (not buy) new furniture yet.
27. If you (learn) another language, you will get a better job when you (leave) school.
28. I am sure that I (recognize) him when we (meet) next summer.
29. I hope you (understand) everything when you (be) older. Now you (not understand) anything.
30. I'm sorry that the child (see) the accident yesterday. -1 (not think) it matters. He (forget) everything soon.
31. He says that they (broadcast) his speech tonight. He (get) ready for it now.
32. She (hire) a typewriter already and she (learn) to type soon.
33. I (plan) already my future for the next ten years. - That is very clever of you. What you (do) when you (leave) university? -1 (not decide) yet.
34. There (be) a phone again. - Take no notice. We (not answer) it.
35. They just (take) him to hospital with a broken leg. He (stay) there for a week or two.
36. You (drive), please? I (not like) driving at night. It (rain) cats and dogs now.
37. It is raining. If you (walk) there in this rain, you (get) awfully wet.
38. We just (get) to the top in time. The sun (rise) in a minute.
39. It is nearly autumn; soon the leaves (change) their colour.
40. The ship (leave) in a few minutes and all persons not travelling are asked to go ashore.
41.1 hope you (do) well in the race tomorrow. I (think) of you.
42. I (not take) any photographs for some time because I must repair my camera.
43. She (not sing) at the last concert, because she (go) home suddenly.
44. I'm sorry but I (not feed) your dog again. He always (try) to bite me when I come near him.
45. He won't be wearing uniform when you (see) him, because he (be) on leave then, and they (not wear) uniform when they (be) on leave.
46. She promised to phone me in the morning, but it is now 12 o'clock and she (not phone) yet.
47. I just (receive) a letter saying that we (not pay) this electricity bill.
48. How long you (be) out of work? - I (not be) out of work now. I already (start) a new job.
49. You (finish) checking the accounts? - No, not quite. I (do) it in half an hour.
50. She (lose) her job last month and since then she (be) out of work. - Why she (lose) her job? -1 (not know).
51. What (you think) the children (do) when we (get) home yesterday? -1 think they (sleep).
52. I just (remember) that I (leave) the bathroom taps on. - (I go) home to turn them off or you (do) it yourself?
53. Kate, you (leave) the light on. - Oh, so I have. I (go) and turn it off.
54. He (give) me back the book, (thank) me for lending it to him and said that he (enjoy) it very much.
55. Dear Mr Smith, my family and I (suffer) a great deal lately from the noise made by your guests when they (leave) your house on Sunday nights.
56. I (write) to you three weeks ago and (ask) about conditions of entry into your college. But I (not receive) any information yet.
57. By the time you (finish) getting ready, we (miss) the train! Don't worry. We (take) a taxi.
58. Sally! I (not expect) to see you here! What (you do) in New York? -I come at business.
59. I (hope) to meet you ever since I (read) your first novel. I (read) all the books you (write).
60. If you (come), I (meet) you here in a week's time. We (have) a good time.
9. Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate tense.
1. This is my new car. What (you think) if it? - Splendid! Where (you buy) it?
2. -Who (be) you?
- What (you mean)? I (live) here. I (be) your neighbour.
3. I can't find the car keys. What (you do) with them?
4. Sorry I haven't fixed the plug. I (mean) to get round to it, but I just (not to find) the time.
5. What (you do) on Saturdays? - As a rule I (stay) at home, but next Sunday I (leave) for Paris.
6. I don't know what time we'll eat. It (depend) when Helen (get) here.
7. I supported you at the time because I (feel) that you were right.
8. Peter couldn't understand what had been decided because too many people (talk) at once.
9. Jean, I'm so glad you've got here at last. I (expect) you all day.
10. Please (not to let) me down this time! I (depend) on you.
11. Sam (not receive) the parcel the last time I (speak) to him. I hope he (receive) it already.
12. I (consider) buying a house, but now I (change) my mind. I (buy) a flat soon.
13. When you (feel) hungry later, room service (bring) you whatever you (want).
14. I (find) it difficult to convince the ticket inspector that I (lose) my ticket.
15. Since I (pay) for our lunch, I (try) to attract the waiter's attention now.
16. As soon as I (have) a good look at the designs, I (send) them back to you.
17. I (not understand) what you (wait) for. Everybody (go) home already.
18. (anyone see) my pencil? I (leave) it here somewhere. Who (take) it?
19. When he (not arrive) at 6.00,1 knew he (miss) the bus.
20. (you go away) this weekend or (you run out) of money? -1 (go) to Paris.
21. What (you think) you (do) in ten years' time? - I (not tell) you about it.
22. I (really enjoy) myself at the moment, as I already (pass) my exams.
23. (you let) me know the minute you (hear) any news? Don't worry, I (do) it.
24. Something (tell) me that you (not listen) to a single word I (say) in the past ten minutes!
- Sorry, you (repeat) what you (say)?
25. What's the matter? (you hurt) your ankle? How (you do) it? -1 (fall) down today.
26. That's definitely the last time that I (lend) you any money!
- Thanks. I (give) it back soon.
27. It is raining, but if you (take) your umbrella, you (not get) wet. I (leave it) work.
28. We (sit) in the sunshine for about half an hour when I suddenly (feel) sick. So we (decide) to go home immediately.
29. He says his train (leave) in 2 hours. He (pack) his things at the moment.
30. We first (come) to this town more than twenty years ago. Everything (change) in the town since that time.
31. Your farther will be furious when he (see) what you (do). - I (show) him nothing.
32. I hope that I (translate) this scientific article before my boss (ask) me if I (finish) this work.
10. Complete the sentences applying the sequence of tenses rule.
1. The doctor said that if I (take) a warm bath just before I (go) to bed, I (feel) much better soon. I (be) ill for two days already.
2. The teacher warned the boy that he (fail) his English exam if he (not work) hard. It's the second time she (tell) him about it, but it (seem) to me he (not believe) her.
3. My mother said to me that by the end of the month the Post office (send) us a bill which we (not be able) to pay because I (talk) on the phone for hours every day.
4. My parents asked me when my quests (come) the next day and if I (be going) to cook the Sunday dinner. I answered that we (decide) to go to the restaurant.
5. The teacher said that we (must) be careful because even if we (make) any mistakes, she (not give) us any additional time to correct them.
6. I was grateful to my friend that he (repair) my TV-set. It (work) perfectly for years already.
7. Ann was only twenty five, but she (teach) English at the university for four years already.
8. I asked my sister if she (go) to the concert the next day and if she (return) home by the time I (arrive). She said that she (work) at home the whole evening and (not go) anywhere.
9. I (take) a quick look at the picture and (be) certain that I (see) the man before. I was sure I (recognize) him when I (meet) him again.
10. My father declared that he (want) to go on holiday to the lake district and he (buy) already a new rod for fishing. He said he (leave) in two days and (spend) there not less than two weeks. It's the first time tr.at he (decide) to go alone.
11. We learnt yesterday that our library (receive) a lot of new books by the end of the year. As soon as the librarian (register) all the books, we (be able) to borrow them. I hope she (do) it soon.
12. I (translate) the article for ten minutes when the manager (phone) me and asked how long I (translate) it and if I (finish) the translation before he (leave) home. I answered that I (try) to do it as soon as possible, though it (be) time for me to go home.
11. Use the proper tense forms.
Fans
Ask hundreds of people what they (do) on a certain day in August next year, or the year after, and there (be) only one reply. Provided of course that the people you (ask) (belong) to the Elvis Presley Fan Club. Although the King of Rock and Roll (die) nearly two decades ago his fans (meet) every year since then outside his home in Memphis, Tennessee, to show respect for the singer they (love) so much. Fans like Jean Thomas, from Catford in South London. Jean (visit) Gracelands, the house where Elvis (suffer) his fatal heart attack, twice in the past five years. "The first time I (borrow) the money from my Mum, as I (not work) then. But two years ago I (get) married and since then I (work) in my husband Chris's garage. Chris and I (go) together last year, and we (think) of spending two or three months in the USA next year. I always (want) to visit some of the places where Elvis (perform). Like Las Vegas for example". Jean says that Elvis (be) her obsession ever since she (be) ten years old, and she (own) every single one of his records, good and bad.
12. Complete each sentence with a suitable form of the verb given.
1. John always claims that he (be) innocent, but for many years no one (believe) him.
2. Hello, Kate, it's Peter here. What (you do)?
- Nothing much. I (revise) but I had to stop because my computer (not work).
3. Father heard the results of the election when he (drive) to work, so he (phone) me when he (get) there and (congratulate) me.
4. I'd like to work abroad eventually. But I (want) some full-time experience first. I (do) a Nursery Teacher's course this year. We (finish) next week, in fact. And I (get) a Child Care certificate soon.
- You (sound) just the sort of person we (look) for. When (you be) able to start?
- As soon as I (finish) my Nursery Teacher's course.
5. I don't want to spend a lot of money today because I (save) as much as I can until I (go) on holiday.
6. You (watch) this stupid film since the lunch time. Let's switch over to the other channel.
7. Fanny's really excited about going to England. She (not be) there before though she (learn) English for several years.
8. My sister (be) interested in medicine since she (be) a child.
9. Oh, dear. What can we do? I'm sure something dreadful (happen); we (wait) over an hour and he (not phone) yet.
10. We (post) the parcel three weeks ago. If you still (not receive) it, please inform us immediately.
11. I (work) in this company for a month already. Everyone (be) very friendly. I (expect) to have quite a lot of problems, but I (not have) any really. Not here at work, anyway. And I (make) a lot of new friends. Unfortunately, the journey to work (be) too long. It (take) me one hour to get here every day.
12. Twenty years ago few people (realize) that computers (become) part of our daily lives. This short period of time (see)
enormous changes in business, education and public administration. Many people may now be wondering whether the spread of computers (bring) us as many problems as it (solve).
13. I (be) pleased to see my old university friends at the conference last week as we (not see) each other since we (finish) our course.
14. We had to wait for hours at the airport because the bad weather (delay) all the flights.
15. Oh, dear. I hope you (feel) better now. I (make) some tea when the news (finish).... I (bring) you a cup? - No, don't bother. Thanks.
16. I think we must keep in touch, (you remember) to send me your address when you (set) to the States?
17. We (not get) enough money to pay for the advertising we need, (you be) in touch with the bank yet? Yes. I (see) the manager next Monday.
18. In Britain schools (change) a lot in recent years. Standards (improve) and there (be) a wide choice of schools for getting education. Grammar schools still (exist) in the country. Pupils (pass) an exam called the Eleven Plus to go to a Grammar School where they (receive) a good, formal academic education. The name "grammar" (come) from medieval system of teaching Latin grammar as the basis for education. There (be) 200 Grammar Schools today in the country.
19. Secondary modern schools (appear) in 1944 for pupils who (fail) eleven plus examination.
20. Comprehensive schools (about 94% of all schools) (be) introduced in 1965. These schools (provide) an equal secondary education for all people regardless of their abilities.
21. - How are you getting on, Bob? You (look) so sad.
- Well, I (start) having bad headaches a couple of weeks ago and they (get) worse. I (not, sleep) properly, I'm tired all the time, and the worst thing is my hair (go) grey and I'm only 32!
- Oh, you (smoke) thirty cigarettes a day for ten years already. You (work) at least ten hours a day since last year. And how you (relax)?! You always (sit) in front the TV with a pizza and a few beers. You never (do) any exercises but you (lose) a lot of weight at the moment and you (not, know) why. I (think) you (suffer) from stress. You must go to the doctor. He (examine) you and (give) some advice. I (hope) everything (be) all right, if you (eat) a more varied diet and (do) some exercises regularly. But first of all (not, forget) to go to the doctor.
22. I asked my aunt if she (be able) to get tickets to the Bolshoy Theatre when we (arrive) in Moscow. She promised that she (try) to help us though it (be) rather difficult to do it.
23. I (send) the invitation already. I think I (receive) the reply as soon as the (get) it.
24. This week the police (arrest) a couple in Switzerland, where they (try) to sell chocolate secretes. The first person who (bring) chocolate to Europe (be) Cortes, who (be) an explorer.
25. Henry Nestle, who (be) Swiss, (develop) the process of making milk chocolate. Since that time chocolate (be) popular among children and grown-ups.
26. Hijackers still (hold) twenty passengers in a plane at Manchester airport. The hostages (sit) in the plane now without food or water for two days already.
27. Mrs Green (wait) for the doctor for half an hour. When he (examine) her son, he said that the child (must stay) in bed till he (get) better.
28. "While I (stay) with the English family I (improve) my English greatly", my friend said.
29. She (do) her sopping when he first (meet) her. Six months later they (get) married and since that time (live) together. They are the happiest family I ever (meet).
30. We (go) to Italy next week. We (take) the plane. Usually we (have) two weeks' holiday but this year we (have) four. We (stay) at a friend's house in Verses. Usually he (work) in Milan but at the moment he (spend) the summer in New York.
The Passive Voice
1. Voice is the grammatical category of the verb which indicates the relations between the action and it's agent. It shows whether the subject is the doer of the action or whether it's acted upon.
The Passive Voice shows that the person or thing denoted by subject is acted upon, i.e. the subject is the recipient of the action.
NOTE: Future Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous are not found in the Passive Voice.
The butter is kept here.
The window was broken.
The work will be done tomorrow.
The bridge is being repaired.
The injured player was being carried off the field.
Our work has been finished.
The car was three years old but hadn't been used very much.
The house will have been built by next month.
2. The interrogative form is formed by placing the (first) auxiliary verb before the subject of the sentence.
The negative form is formed by placing the particle "not" after the first auxiliary verb.
The work will be done tomorrow.
Will the work be done tomorrow?
The work will not be done tomorrow.
Interrogative verbs in active questions about the object become affirmative verbs in passive questions:
What did they steal? —» What was stolen?
Conversely, affirmative verbs in active questions become interrogative verbs in passive questions:
Who painted it? —» Who was it painted by?
Other types of questions require interrogative verbs in both active and passive questions:
When / Where / Why did he paint it? - When / Where /
Why was it painted?
3. In colloquial speech get is sometimes used instead of be to express something happening by accident.
The eggs got (= were) broken.
You 'II get (=be) sacked if you take any more time off.
4. The Passive Voice tends to be used in preference to the active voice in the following situations:
1) When the doer of action is unknown or indefinite:
The minister was murdered.
2) When the main interest of the speakers is on the action itself and not particularly on the doer of the action:
The house next door has been bought (by Mr Jones).
3) When the doer of the action is obvious and for that reason does not need to be named:
The streets are swept every day.
4) When the speaker wishes to make a statement less direct for reasons of tact, diplomacy, discretion, etc. as the passive makes it less clear who the actual doer is:
All school outing have been cancelled.
5) In official notices, instructions, prohibitions, to make them sound impersonal and thus more polite:
Breakfast is served from 6.00 to 10. 30.
5. Only transitive verbs can be used in the passive because the subject in the passive sentence is formed by the object of the active one. The passive is possible with:
1) Verbs with a direct object: carry, open, take, attend, answer, help, follow, join, watch.
All the furniture was taken out of the room.
2) Verbs with a direct and indirect object:
A very good job was offered to him. He was offered a very-paid job.
NOTES: 1. Verbs: sell, cut, wash, spread, iron, lock, read - are used in the active through taking on a passive meaning. The verbs are often followed by adverbs, never by objects.
The book sells well.
2. Verbs: make, hear, help, see - are followed by a to- • infinitive in the passive.
They helped him tidy the garage. —> He was helped to tidy the garage.
6. Auxiliary + infinitive combinations are made passive by using a passive infinitive:
You must/should shut these doors. —> These doors must/should be shut.
They should/ought to have told him. —> He should/ought to have been told.
We must write to him. —> He must be written to.
7. When a verb + preposition + object combination is put into the passive, the preposition will remain immediately after the verb:
He looked after the children well. —> The children were well looked after.
They threw away the old newspapers. —» The old newspapers were thrown away.
8. The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think - are used in the following passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions.
1) Subject (person) + passive + to-infinitive (personal construction).
2) It + passive +that-clause (impersonal construction).
People believe he is a liar.
He is believed to be a liar.
It is believed that he is a liar.
9. Participles like amazed, broken, interested, pleased, worried - can be used either as adjectives or past participles in the passive. If these participles are used as adjectives, they cannot be turned into the active.
The first time I saw the building I was amazed, ("amazed" is used as an adjective.)
I was amazed by your work, ("amazed" is used as a past participle - Your work amazed me.)
10. The passive is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. The subject of the active verb becomes the "agent" of the passive verb. The agent is very often not mentioned. When it is mentioned it is preceded by by and placed at the end of the clause.
Dufy painted this picture. —> This picture was painted by Dufy.
This company employs two hundred people. -+ Two hundred people are employed by this company.
NOTE: In theory a sentence containing a direct and an indirect object, such as "My mother gave me a book", could have two passive forms:
/ was given a book.
A book was given to me.
11. It is always necessary to mention the agent. There are several reasons for this. The passive is often used because who did it is not known or the speaker does not want us to know, it is obvious, or remains impersonal.
Brenda 's motorbike was stolen last night.
If we knew who had stolen it, we would mention the name of the person. It is not necessary to add by someone.
NOTE: Passive sentences may include information about what was used to perform an action. This is called the instrument and is introduced using with.
The windows were broken with a baseball bat.
12. Ways of rendering the passive constructions in Russian. Passive constructions are much more used in English than in Russian. Therefore it is not always possible to retain a passive construction in translation from English into Russian.
1) When the verb in the original passive construction corresponds to a transitive verb in Russian, this construction may be rendered in two ways:
She was given a vase as a present.
1. Ей подарили вазу.
2. Ваза была подарена ей.
2) When the verb in the original passive construction corresponds to an intransitive verb in Russian, it's impossible to convey its meaning by a positive construction in Russian.
The report was followed by a long debate.
За докладом последовали долгие прения.
3) This is also the case with the sentences containing the so-called complex subject; such sentences are frequently used in reporting news.
The delegation is expected to arrive tomorrow.
The passive verb of this construction is conveyed in Russian either by an indefinite personal construction or by a parenthetical phrase:
1. Ожидают, что
2. Ожидается, что делегация прибудет завтра.
3. Как ожидают,
A lawer is 1.Предполагается, что
supposed to юрист должен знать, что делать
know what to 2.Юристу положено знать, в таких
do under such 3.Юрист должен знать, обстоятельствах
circumstances.
