One day an artist looked out of the window of his room and saw an old fisherman going by. He thought the old man would make a good subject for a picture. So he went out and told the fisherman that he wanted to paint him.
The man thought about it for a minute and asked, "How much am I to get?" Well, I'll pay you two pounds", answered the artist and added, as the man still hesitated, "It's an easy way to earn two pounds, you see". "Oh! I know that", said the man, "but how am I to get the paint off afterwards, I wonder?"
The Difference
Man of Means: Why are learned people often to be seen in the houses of the rich, but the rich are not to be seen in those of the learned?
Scholar: This is as plain as plain can be. It is the learned who know what they need, and it is the rich who do not.
In the Garage
A doctor was complaining to the owner of a garage about the large sum of money he had to pay for the repairs to his car.
"All this for a couple of hours' work", he exclaimed. "Why, your people are paid at a higher rate than we are".
"Well, you see", replied the garage man, "You've been working on the same model since the beginning of time, but we've got to learn all about a new model every year".
Natural Grief
Young man: I like the room, it'll suit me all right if you reduce the price by the week.
Landlady: The price is but reasonable. I'm afraid it can't be reduced.
Young man: The room must have been vacant for a long time, considering the price.
Landlady: We can afford to choose our lodgers.
Young man: I assure you, madam, I am a very good lodger. When I left, my landlady almost wept with grief.
Landlady: Very likely, you must have left without paying.
Writer
A lady once wrote a long story and sent it to a famous editor. After a few weeks the story was returned to her. She got angry and wrote to the editor.
"Dear Sir!
Yesterday you sent me back a story of mine. How do you know that the story isn't good? Either you have misunderstood the story or you must have failed to read it all, as I have pasted together pages 18, 19 and 20. When it came back the pages were pasted".
The editor wrote back:
"Dear Madam!
At breakfast when I open an egg, I don't have to eat all the egg in order to discover that it is bad".
11. a) Read the text and do some deduction exercises.
Jeff wanted to take Ann to the disco on Saturday. She waited for him at home for an hour, but he didn't turn up and he didn't phone. Ann was angry, so she phoned Jake look and asked him to take her to the disco. She knew that Jeff and Jake didn't like each other. Later that evening, Jeff saw Ann at the disco with Jake. Jeff felt angry, so he left immediately.
Jane: Something must have delayed Jeff. He could have phoned Ann to explain. He might have had an accident on the way to her house.
Nick: He must have forgotten about the disco.
Jane: No. He can't have forgotten about Ann.
Complete the sentences with must have or can't have + past participle.
Later, Jeff said that he had phoned Ann before the disco.
Ann can't have heard (hear) the phone.
1. Why didn't she hear the phone? The television... (be) too
loud.
2. Because Ann didn't answer the phone, Jeff... (think) that she had already gone out.
3. After the disco, Ann didn't look very happy. She... (enjoy) the evening.
4. Jake looked miserable too. He... (be) disappointed.
5. Jake didn't mention Jeff. Jake... (know) that Ann had planned to go to the disco with him.
6. Jane didn't know the story about Ann and Jeff. Ann... (tell) her.
7. A week after the evening at the disco, Ann got a letter from Jeff. In the letter Jeff... (explain) what had happened and how he had felt. Ann understood.
8. Next Saturday, Ann and Jeff are going to the cinema together. They... (solve) their problems.
b) Retell the story as Ann drawing your own deduction using must, may/might, can/could.
12. a) Complete the conversation, using the verbs in brackets together with must/must have or can't/can't have.
Rose and Jack are discussing their new neighbors and trying to work out what sort of people they are.
Rose: He... (be) rich. There's a big Volvo parked outside the gate.
Jack: But it... (belong) to him. I saw him driving a Mazda last night.
Rose: Look - there's a woman getting out of a Mazda now, Jack. She... (be) his wife.
Jack: That means they... (have) a car each. They... (have) plenty of money. I wonder where they were living before they moved here.
Rose: They... (come) from Scotland. The removal van had the name of a Glasgow Company on it.
Jack: Well, he... (live) there all his life. He talks like a Londoner. I heard him shouting at the van driver.
Rose: I wonder if they like the house. They... (hear) about the trouble the Wilsons had with it. Otherwise they wouldn't have bought it.
Jack: Yes. The Wilsons... (laugh) like anything when they finally sold the house! (There is a knock at the door. Jack answers it.)
Jack: Hello. You... (be) our new neighbors. Come in.
Neighbor: No, thanks. I won't come in. But I wonder if you can help us? We... (get) all the keys of the house, because we can't open the door of one room. There's a funny noise coming from inside it. The Wilsons... (leave) something in there....
b) Draw your deduction expressing different degrees of probability and possibility. Use must, may, might, can't.
c) Act out the dialogue.
Practice
1. Analyze the form of the modal verb. Say in which meaning it is used. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. You may keep the money I've given you, I don't need it yet.
2. They need have no fear of that.
3. We need not go into this at present.
4. I don't want to get up. - You don't have to.
5. Doesn't she have to work on Sunday?
6. If you don't like it, you don't have to pay for it.
7. He won't have to go to the office. He'll be able to do something about those roses at last.
8. You needn't have gone into so many details. The report was too long.
9. We needn't have gone to the post-office to ring him up. There is a telephone-booth round the corner.
10. You needn't have shed any tears over that loss.
11. We needn't have brought our bathing-suits with us. It's rather cold for swimming today.
12. He considered that this need not have taken place.
13. Must we copy the text too? - No, you needn't.
14. Must I go there immediately? - No, you needn't. Wait till I ring you up.
15. You needn't come to classes today. You've handed in all your papers.
2. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use need.
Model:
1. It is not necessary to copy the composition. I can read it as it is.
You needn't copy the composition....
2. It was quite unnecessary to rush there in that weather. They would have managed perfectly well by themselves.
You needn't have rushed there in that weather....
1. There was no necessity whatever for her to do it herself.
2. There's no earthly reason to worry. She's as strong as a horse.
3. There is no need for any of you to be present.
4. Is it any use our going into all that now?
5. It's no use your talking to him now. His mind is made up.
6. Why did you mention all these figures? The situation was clear as it was.
7. Why do you want to press the skirt? It's not creased at all.
8. Why do you want to do it all today?
9. It was not necessary for mother to cook this enormous dinner. We have brought all the food the children may want.
10. It is not necessary to take the six thirty. A later train will do as well.
3. Study the problem situations and try to solve them by using the modal verb need or must expressing necessity or absence of necessity.
1. Although it's very late, she's still reading. I think she is well prepared for the entrance exams as it is. Must she sit up so late?
2. I'm going to take Tom out for a while. He plays the piano five hours a day.
3. She's never answered any questions, she's never shown the slightest interest in anything I do. I don't have a doubt she's thrown my letters without reading them. What shall I do?
4. Let's stay at home for a change and catch up on our reading. A lot of new magazines have just come in and I'd like to finish that interesting article. And what about you?
4. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use different modal verbs to denote obligation as required by the sense of the sentence.
1. Last year it wasn't necessary for you to see too many historic buildings and places when on holiday. And now you want a rest from sightseeing.
2. You seem to like crowds. So I advise you to meet and make friends with as many people as possible.
3. It isn't necessary for you to prompt him, he never forgets the words. His memory is striking.
4. It was arranged that on the very day of his arrival they would record his speech, but they failed to do it, because something went wrong with the tape-recorder.
5. The main thing with higher education is that it isn't necessary for some students to pay for it. What is more, they get grants.
6. Your teacher advised you to make use of the tape-recording to review the material. Why didn't you follow his advice?
7. Don't get excited over such trifles. It's not necessary for you to worry about little things.
8. I see no reason why we should argue.
9. It was not necessary for her to carry the bags all by herself: there were porters at the station.
10. Is it so very necessary that you should go there at all?
11. What's the use of reproaching yourself.
12. I don't think there is any need to bother them.
13. It was quite unnecessary for you to do the work instead of him.
14. There is no use worrying about her; she is quite able to take care of herself.
5. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Можете сегодня туда не ходить.
2. Можете не переписывать сочинение.
3. Можете не оставаться, если не хотите.
4. Ире не обязательно специализироваться по этому предмету. Он считается факультативным.
5. Нам можно не повторять эти правила. Мы хорошо их знаем.
6. Можно было и не писать сочинения.
7. Я мог это сделать только потому, что мне не надо было идти в институт в среду.
8. Можешь не соглашаться сразу. Подумай несколько дней.
9. Не к чему было покупать мне книгу. Она есть в библиотеке.
10. Он жил у родственников, и ему не надо было платить за квартиру.
11. Едва ли нужно говорить, что экзамены проводятся в конце каждого семестра, а выпускные экзамены - в конце всего срока обучения.
12. Зря вы организовали новый клуб. Его посещают очень немногие студенты.
6. Imagine you are in the following situation.
A doctor is giving certain directions to a young man who's just run down a bit. He tells him not to neglect his advice or he may get into trouble and have to go to hospital. The young man asks the doctor about the medicine (whether to take it with water or milk), some vitamins, a diet, etc. The man thanks the doctor for his help.
Act out the conversation between the doctor and his patient. Try to follow these patterns in some of your sentences.
1. What about vitamins? Need I take any? - Yes, you must.
2. Must I also get more sleep? - No, you needn't, but you must keep regular hours.
7. a) Act out the conversation.
Nora: It really is a very good house, Mrs Brewer.
Mrs Brewer: The walls and woodwork will need painting of course.
Harry: Yes, we should want them painted, shouldn't we,
Nora? Perhaps, a rather lighter color.
Nora: I'm glad there are plenty of cupboards, I need a
lot of cupboards.
Harry: I didn't notice a cupboard on the landing.
Nora: Oh, that needn't worry us. I don't need a cup-
board on the landing, when there's such a nice one in the bathroom.
Harry: You must have somewhere to put the linen.
Nora: Yes, but it needn't be on the landing, the one in
the bathroom will do perfectly.
Harry: It's a pity there's no garage.
Mrs Brewer: Do you need a garage immediately? You could easily build one in the garden.
Nora: Yes, Harry, need we worry about a garage now?
After all, we haven't got our car yet.
Harry: No, you're quite right, Nora. Now, is there any-
thing else we need discuss with Mrs Brewer?
Nora: I don't think so.
Harry: We must think it all over when we get home, Mrs Brewer.
Mrs Brewer: Oh, yes, Mrs Parker, you needn't make your minds up at once. Matters like this need thinking over carefully.
Harry: And now we must be going.
Mrs Brewer: Oh, need you hurry away? You mustn't go without having a cup of tea. I've got one all ready here.
Harry: How very kind of you.
Nora: But really, Mrs Brewer, you needn't have gone to
so much trouble.
Mrs Brewer: Nonsense, Mrs Parker. What I always say is: if there's anything a woman needs after looking over a house, it's a nice cup of tea; I hope you'll take the house; and we'll just drink to the bargain in tea.
b) Report the dialogue using reporting verbs in Present Tenses.
c) Retell the dialogue as: Nora Parker, Harry Parker, Mrs Brewer. Remember to use model verbs.
8. Give your own dialogues to the suggested ones. Act them out.
1.
- Here's the concert-hall. We needn't have hurried so much. When does the concert begin?
- It won't begin until 7.
- Then we needn't have taken a taxi. We could have walked here.
- You see I like to come in good time. Besides I wanted it to be a pleasure for you.
- Oh, thank you. It's kind of you.
2.
- Need you sit up so late at night?
- Yes, I must. You see tomorrow I am to hand my essay in.
- Let me have a look at it. Oh, you needn't have written such a long essay. Then you could have written it quicker. Must (need) I help you?
- No you needn't. I'll try to cope with it myself.
9. Read the following stories. Act them out.
A Fishy Story
"I went in to bathe", said a sailor, "but before I had been long in the water I saw a big shark making rapidly towards me. What was to be done? When he was within a yard of me I turned round and dived under the shark. Then taking a knife out of my pocket, I cut the monster up".
"But did you bathe with your clothes on?" asked the astonished listener.
"Well", answered the sailor reproachfully, "you needn't be so particular".
Distrust in Lawyers
"Have you got a lawyer?" asked the judge a young man brought before him.
"No, your honor", was the answer.
"Well, don't you think you had better have one?" asked the judge.
"No, your honor", answered the young man.
"I needn't do it. I'm going to tell the truth".
It Was All Clear
A young journalist was sent to get a personal interview with a rich old merchant. His newspaper wanted a story on how he made himself rich.
"Well, it is a long story", said the old man, "and while I'm telling it, we'll save the candle". And he blew it out at once.
"Never mind about the story. You needn't describe it", said the journalist. "I understand".
How did the old merchant make himself rich?
NOTES: 1. Should and ought are used to express what may reasonably be expected to happen. This use has the idea of "if everything has gone according to the plan".
Our guests should arrive soon.
2. They are not used to express negative or unpleasant ideas. We want the action to happen.
You should pass your exams successfully. You have been working hard.
Practice
7. Practice the following sentences aloud and comment on the use of the modal verbs shall/should and ought to.
1. Don't worry, you shall have a minute's rest before the meeting begins.
2. Don't get excited over such trifles. You shall catch up with the group in no time. I'll help you.
3. If you are interested in the book so much, you shall be given it, I'm sure.
4. "You shall be sorry, Helen, if you don't stop cutting lectures".
5. You show very little interest in most of the subjects. You shall be ashamed of your ignorance later on.
6. Shall I help you to carry the books. They seem to be very heavy.
7. She pointed to the gramophone. "Shall I show you how to
work it?"
8. Shall I pull the blinds down? 9. I think we should leave this young man behind.
10. You should look after your grandparents better.
11. He should not have taken the corner at such speed.
12. You should pass the exam. You've worked hard.
13. The porter saw him. He should be somewhere here.
14. It ought to rain a little later in the day.
15. If she goes to hospital for some treatment now and then to a sanatorium, it ought to be quite all right.
16. Why should he obey an order given him by a perfect stranger.
17. Why should he say so if he doesn't mean it?
18. -1 think you ought to phone him.
- Why should I?
- He is your relative.
2.a) Study the problem situations and try to solve them by asking for instructions.
Model:
-You are going to the class- - Shall I help you to carry
room, so is your teacher. She the books? They seem to be
has a lot of books in her hands, very heavy.
What do you say?
1. You are reading for the exam in English, but you can't concentrate on the subject because of the noise coming out of the room next door. Your friend sees how uncomfortable you feel. What does he suggest?
2. Your friend cannot do a grammar exercise. You already know the answer. What do you say?
3. You are writing a composition. But the words won't come. Your teacher sees how hard you are trying to find suitable words. What does he say?
b) Think of similar problem situations of your own. Act them out.
3. a) Respond to the following statements. Use shall to express warning or threat.
| - Jane, you are so light-minded. The exams are only a few weeks off and you haven't done a stroke of work yet. (to fail at the exam.) | - You shall fail at your exams if you go on like this. |
1. Ann, you are very absent-minded at times and inattentive. What the teacher says goes in one ear and out of the other, (to have a lot of gaps in your knowledge.)
2. Pete, there is nothing to complain of as far as your behaviour goes. You never talk back. But you are very obstinate sometimes, (to be hard to deal with.)
3. Ale, English Grammar seems to come easy to you, but spelling rules just refuse to stick in your head, (to get a bad mark for a dictation.)
b) Go on fulfilling the task in your own way.
4. a) Express promise in the following situation.
| -I'm dead tired after those exams, (to get a good rest during the holidays.) | - Keep your chin up. You shall get a good rest during the holidays. I will see to it. |
1. I must leave for Moscow for a couple of days, but I think the Dean won't let me go. (to be allowed, to speak to the dean myself.)
2. Oh, what am I to do. The teacher asked me to fetch some books from the library, but it's locked already, (to be given some books from the English language room, to go there together.)
3. Grammar is my weak point. I can't get the rules straight,, much as I try. (to manage it all right, to revise together.)
b) Make up your own problem situations and working in pairs as students A and В respond to them.
5. Give advice in answer to the following statements. Use the
word combinations in brackets.
Model:
1) I have not been sleeping well lately, (to take more exercise).
You should take more exercise.
2) Her diction is not very good, (to read aloud).
She should read aloud.
1. The boy is a little pale, (to play out-of-doors)
2. I'm afraid you'll miss that train, (to take a taxi)
3. There is no one in. (to try the room next door)
4. She may have forgotten all about her promise, (to phone and remind her)
5. I don't know which hat to take, (to take the one which goes with your hat)
6. I have a slight irritation in my throat, (to smoke less)
7. This child simply won't eat soup, (not to give her sweets before dinner)
8. She makes a lot of spelling mistakes, (to make smb. copy passages out of a book)
9. The dog is afraid of him. (not to shout at him)
10. The students seemed unable to follow what I was saying, (not to speak so fast)
6. Criticize the actions mentioned in the following sentences.
Model: I did not buy the book. - You should have bought it.
1. So I took the child to the pictures.
2. We forgot to leave a message for her.
3. We did not wait for them. It was beginning to rain.
4. I did not put down her address, and I clean forgot it.
5. I did not explain to her how to get there.
6. I bought a pair of red shoes to go with my new dress.
7. So I told her to her face what we really think of her wonderful idea.
8. I have not seen the film. I was busy and did not go.
9. My fountain pen was leaking, so I wrote in pencil.
10. I'm afraid I ate too much cake with my tea.
7. Translate into English.
1. Открыть окно? 2. Сварить кофе? 3. Ты бы сделал всё сегодня. 4. Надо было сказать ей об этом. 5. Не надо было оставаться так поздно. 6. Должно быть, завтра будет хорошая погода. 7. Она должна знать его адрес. 8. Не следовало говорить с ней по-английски. 9. Ты бы перечитал работу. 10. Ты простудишься. И. Мне начинать. 12. Ты приедешь туда вовремя. 13. Чего ради он должен был тебе помогать? 14. Как вы думаете, купить мне эту книгу? 15. Не надо было есть мороженое.
8. a) Read the story "How We Kept Mother's Day " by Stephen Leacock.
How We Kept Mother's Day
I think it's a very good idea to celebrate once a year "Mother's Day". So we decided to have a special celebration of Mother's Day. We thought it a fine idea.
We decided to make it a great day, a holiday for all the family and a happy day for our Mother. Father decided to take a holiday from his office, my sister Anne and I stayed home from our college classes, and Mary and my brother Will stayed home from High School.
Our plan was to make the day just like big any holiday. So we decided to decorate the house with flowers. We asked Mother to arrange the decorations because she always does it for holidays. The two girls wanted to dress in their very best for such a big occasion, and so they both got new hats. Mother trimmed both the hats and they looked fine. Father had bought new ties for himself and us the boys. We wanted to buy a new hat for Mother too, but she said she liked her old grey hat better than a new one, and both the girls said that it was awfully becoming to her.
Well, after breakfast we decided to hire a car and take Mother for a beautiful drive out into the country. Mother is hardly ever able to go to the country because she is busy in the house nearly all the time.
But on the very morning of the day we changed the plan a little bit. Father decided to take Mother fishing. It turned out that he had just got a new rod the day before and he said that Mother could use it too.
Well, when the car came to the door, we saw that there was no room in it for us all. Father said he could stay at home and
work in the garden though he hadn't had a real holiday for three years. Of course we didn't want to let Father stay at home. Then the two girls Anne and Mary said that they could stay at home and help the maid to cook. Only it was such a pity to stay at home on such a fine day. As to us boys, we couldn't cook.
So in the end it was decided that Mother would stay at home and just have a lovely restful day round the house and get the dinner. It turned out anyway that Mother didn't care for fishing and also it was just a little bit cold and fresh out of doors, though it was lovely and sunny, and Father was afraid that Mother might catch cold if she came. So we said good-bye to Mother and drove away.
Well, we had a very happy day up among the hills. Father caught a lot of fish. Will and I fished too but were not so lucky. The two girls met a lot of people that they knew. So we all had a good time.
It was quite late when we came back, about seven o'clock in the evening. Mother had kept the dinner ready and hot for us. The dinner was like on New Year's Day. Mother had to get up many times during the meal fetching things back and forward.
The dinner lasted a long time, and it was great fun. When it was over all of us wanted to help Mother to wash the dishes. But Mother said that she could do it herself, and so we let her because we wanted to please her.
It was quite late when it was all over, and when we all kissed Mother before we went to bed she said it had been the most wonderful day in her life, and I think there were tears in her eyes. So we all felt awfully repaid for all that we had done.
b) Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use ought to I should to express probability referring to the present or future. Model:
| In all probability you will have a special celebration of your Mother's birthday this year. She is fifty. | You ought to (should) have a special celebration of your Mother's birthday. She is 50. |
1. I expect you will make this day a holiday for your mother, not for yourselves.
2. Most likely you will prepare a big dinner for such an occasion.
3. Very likely you will dress in your very best on that day.
4. It's likely you will buy some souvenirs to present your mother with.
5. If the weather is fine, I think it's probable you will take your mother away into the country to have a picnic lunch.
6. Most probably it will be the most wonderful day in your mother's life.
c) After the day described in the story the children of the family are telling how they celebrated their Mother's Day. Reproach them for failing to do their duty or fulfil their obligations.
Model:
| Student A We decided to have a special celebration of Mother's Day. It was our plan to make it a day just like Xmas or any big holiday, and so we decided to decorate the house with flowers and with mottoes, and all that kind of thing. We got mother to make mottoes and arrange the decorations, because she always does it at Xmas. | Student В Shame on you! You should have made mottoes and arranged the decorations yourselves. It was your mother's Day, not yours! |
Go on working in pairs as shown in the example. Find in the text as many places to reproach as possible.
9. Read the dialogue and try to solve the problem situation described.
A problem situation
Jane: Sylvia is having trouble with her parents. They say she ought to do more at school. She knows she should work harder for the exams, but she's angry because her parents don't like her friends. Although she's almost sixteen, she's supposed to be home every night by 8 o'clock.
Nick: Perhaps her parents ought to trust her more. They shouldn't treat her like a child. Why don't they like her friends?
Jane: I'm not sure. Sylvia's mother says that they are very rude. They don't do any schoolwork.
What do you think Sylvia, her parents and her friends should do to improve the situation?
Say sentences from the table.
Sylvia should / ought to talk to her parents.
| Sylvia Her parents Her friends | should shouldn't ought to | talk to her parents work harder listen to Sylvia leave home |
| leave school | ||
| be more tolerant | ||
| be rude to her parents ask her friends home | ||
| be so strict | ||
| trust Sylvia |
Expand your statements to give reasons for your choice. Say what else you think Sylvia, her friends and Sylvia's parents should I ought to or shouldn't do. Give your suggestions.
> Sylvia's parents should try to get to know her friends better because....
10. Work with a partner. Choose the role of a partner or son/daughter. Imagine that you have a problem, e.g. about friends, clothes, spending money, etc. Describe the problem from your point of view in a short paragraph. Look at the example, then think up your own.
Father: My son is fourteen. He smokes and doesn't care about his health. He doesn't listen when I tell him it's bad for him.
Son: I smoke because all the boys at school smoke. I don't really like it, but if you don't smoke you are an outsider. My father won't listen. He just criticizes.
Read both your points of view to the class. The class gives advice with should I ought to, shouldn't
The father shouldn't criticize the son. The son ought to try to understand why his father criticizes him.
11. a) Act as a guide and give some instructions to your visiting friend who has never been to a big city.
Model: You should get over your fear of a heavy traffic. You should keep to the right side of the road. You should remember the rules of crossing the street. You should be careful stepping on the escalator. You shouldn't smoke inside a bus or a trolley-bus.
b) Act as a doctor. Give some instructions to your patient.
c) As a teacher. Give some corrections to your pupil.
d) As the directing manager of a firm. Give some instructions how to organize the work in it.
e) As a supervisor on university practice. Give some instructions to your students.
12. Act out the following dialogues.
1. - Good morning. My name is Brown. I have an appointment with Mr Smith for 10.30.
- Yes, certainly, Mr Brown. Mr Smith said you'd be coming over. But would you mind waiting a few minutes? Mr Smith's on the phone just now. You shall be called in as soon as he's finished with the call.
2. - When are you having the English exam?
- The day after tomorrow. I'm trembling at the thought. What shall I do?
- Calm yourself. Relax. Are you really so scared?
- No, I'm not. Just excited. That's all.
3. Doctor: Well, Mr Park. After examining your heart and lungs, I suggest the following. Firstly, you should give up smoking!
Bill: Oh, but Doctor...
Doctor: Secondly, you should avoid drinking beer. I recommend milk instead.
Bill: Milk, but I hate it!
Doctor: Well, your blood pressure is much too high. You
should stop drinking coffee in the mornings.
Bill: No coffee either! Doctor: You are too fat. So you should take long walks in the fresh air. And you should keep to a strict diet for a
month.
Bill: Oh, I don't fancy that at all!
Doctor: And how about sports! Well, you should play football or go swimming.
Bill: Oh!
Doctor: And you should follow all my instructions if you don't want to lose even your present state of health.
13. Memorize the following proverbs and use them in short situations of your own. Find their Russian equivalents.
1. Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
2. He who laughs at crooked men should need walk very straight.
3. Love should not be all on one side.
4. As you sow, you shall mow.
5. If the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch.
6. He who doesn't work, neither shall he eat.
14. Read the following jokes and act them out.
1.
Man: I don't like these photos at all. I look like an ape.
Photographer: You ought to have thought of that before you had them taken.
2.
Father: Look here, Jackie, didn't you promise me that you
wouldn't stay in the playground after school for hours
to play games.
Jackie: Yes, father.
Father: And didn't I promise to punish you if you stayed?
Jackie: Yes, father, but as I hadn't kept my promise, why
should you keep yours?
3.
Poet: Do you think I should put more fire into my poems?
His Friend: No, I really think you should put more of your poems in the fire.
4.
Aunt Aggie: When I use a hammer I always hurt my thumb with it. What should I do to prevent that?
Workman: The only thing that I can think of, Madam, is that you should hold the hammer with both hands.
Practice
1. Analyze the form of the modal verb. Say in which meaning it is used. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. She would sit there for hours waiting for the telephone to ring.
2. Now and again a dog would bark.
3. You will have heard that I'm leaving by the end of the month.
4. The animals would not stir. They were too tired to move.
5. I won't leave you. I promise.
6. Will you tell me why you are so certain?
7. I said, "Would you lend me your car?"
8. No mater what time of day I went to the store, I would find him sitting there on the steps.
9. Will you do me a favour and meet her at the station?
10. Would you drop in two days? I'm sure we will have a good selection of overcoats then.
11. That would be about four years ago.
12. "You will give me my bill?" I said to the clerk.
13. You will permit me to examine the papers.
14. Please, will you tell me the time?
15. That will have been someone she knows.
16. "You've got a letter from Canada". "It'll be from my aunt Freda".
17. Leave the meat in the oven. It won't be cooked yet.
18. "I wonder what Sarah's doing".
19. "Well, it's Monday morning, so I guess that right now she will be taking the children to school".
20. My mum said she wouldn't give me any money. Isn't she said?
2. Use won't (present) or wouldn't (past) to express that a person or an object persists in not doing something you want him or it to do.
Model: The box is really heavy, it won't move (= no one can move it).
The rain went on and on, it wouldn't stop.
The first time Mr and Mrs Wilson went abroad, they were on their honeymoon - lots of things went wrong. They still laugh about it, though at the time it was not so funny!
Complete Mr Wilson's story with won't or wouldn't and the following verbs:
