3- : - 200, 265.
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{ http://www.lingvoda.ru/LingvoDict/Stylistics.zip }
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- .. (V.A..) : (. graphon);
- .. (I.R.G.) (. features of style), (. simile) (gap-sentence link, question-in-the-narrative, rhyme, epigram, allusion, enumeration, etc.), ;
- .. (I.V.A.) - ( , .), .. (. epithet), (.), (. transposition, convergence, coupling, , zoomorphism, elative, reprise . ), .
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., , metaphor, antonomasia, zeugma, antithesis, climax, periphrasis, transposition
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V.A.K.
a) V.A.Kukharenko. A book of practice in Stylistics. 2nd rev. and suppl. ed. A manual for students of Foreign Languages Departments of Higher Educational Institutions. Vinnytsia: Nova Knyga, 2000. 160 p. engl.
b) .. : ϳ . .- . . 2- , . . ³: , 2000. 160 . .
c)
. . .- .. . 2- ., . . : , 2000. 160 . .
, . , .
I.R.G.
a) I.R.Galperin. Stylistics. 2nd ed., rev., ed. by L.R.Todd. M.: Higher School, 1977
b)
. . . 2-, . . . ... .: . , 1977. 332 . .
I.V.A.
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Stylistics
Style of language
- is a system of co-ordinated, interrelated and inter-conditioned language means intended to fulfil a specific function of communication and aiming at a definite effect; (I.R.G.)
- ( ) , () (I.R.G.:6);
- , , , (I.V.A.);
- , , , , , ;
- is primarily the study of synonymic language resources (Charles Bally);
See: <practical stylistics>, <functional stylistics>, <functional style>; <stylistic device>, <expressive means>, <stylistic norm>; <phono-graphical level>, <morphological level>, <lexical level>, <syntactical level>
Expressive means
EMs
are those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist in language-as-a-system for the purpose of logical and/or emotional intensification of the utterance (I.R.G.:27)
See: <alliteration>; use of diminutive suffixes, use of words with <emotional meaning>, <special colloquial words>, <barbarisms>, <archaisms>, acronyms, idioms etc.
See: <stylistic device>, <phono-graphical level>; <Stylistics>
Stylistic device
SD
is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalised status and thus becoming a generative model (I.R.G.:29) - / ( ), . ( <I.V.A.>)
Types: <lexical SDs>, <cluster SDs>, <syntactical SDs>; <lexico-syntactical SDs>
See: <expressive means>, <convergence>, <foregrounding>, <autology>
Practical stylistics
the stylistics, proceeding form the norms of language usage at a given period and teaching these norms to language speakers, especially the ones, dealing with the language professionally (editors, publishers, writers, journalists, teachers, etc.). (V.A.K.:10)
See: <functional stylistics>, <Stylistics>,
Stylistic norm
the invariant of the phonemic, morphological. lexical and syntactical patterns circulating in language-in-action at a given period of time (I.R.G.)
See: <individual style>, <Stylistics>
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Individual style
1) a unique combination of language units, <expressive means> and <stylistic device>s peculiar to a given writer, which makes that writers works or even utterances easily recognisable (I.R.G.:17);
2) deals with problems, concerning the choice of the most appropriate language means and their organisation into a message, from the viewpoint of the addresser (V.A.K.:10);
See: <stylistic norm>, <Stylistics>
Sign
a material, sensuously perceived object (phenomenon, action) appearing in the process of cognition and communication in the capacity of a representative (substitute) of another object (or objects) and used for receiving, storing, recasting and transforming information about this object (:1965) (I.R.G.:61)
See: <word>, <lexical SDs>, <Stylistics>
Word
- a unit of language functioning within the sentence or within a part of it which by its sound or graphical form expresses a concrete or abstract notion or a grammatical notion through one of its <meaning>s and which is capable of enriching its semantic structure by acquiring new meanings and losing old ones;
- possesses an enormous potentiality for generating new meanings;
Source: <I.R.G.>:62,66
a speech unit used for the purposes of human communication, materially representing a group of sounds, possessing a meaning, susceptible to grammatical employment and characterised by formal and semantic unity (Antrushina:10)
See: <sign>, <lexical SDs>, <Stylistics>
Foregrounding
the ability of a verbal element to obtain extra significance, to say more in a definite context (Prague linguists) (I.V.A.:11)
, (I.V.A.)
See: <irony>, <epithet>, <stylistic device>
Functional style
FS
,
a) a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim of communication
b) includes: <official style>, <scientific style>, <publicist style>, <newspaper style>, <belles-lettres style>
c) the co-ordination of the language means and <stylistic device>s which shapes the distinctive features of each style, and not the language means or SD themselves
d) a patterned variety of literary text characterised by the greater or lesser typification of its constituents, supra-phrasal units, in which the choice and arrangement of interdependent and interwoven language media are calculated to secure the purport of the communication
Source: <I.R.G.>: 32
, , , , , , , , .
, . .
Source: <I.V.A.>, 320
See: <stylistic device>, <individual style>, <Stylistics>
Official style
(the) style of official documents
-
represented in all kinds of official documents and papers (V.A.K.)
The main aim is to state the conditions binding two parties in an undertaking (the state and the citizen, citizen and citizen, the society and its members, two or more enterprises or bodies, a person and subordinates)
- the aim is to reach agreement between two contracting parties.
- <features of official style>
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[u]Substyles:[/u] the language of business documents, the language of legal documents, the language of diplomacy, the language of military documents
- each of subdivisions of this style has its own peculiar terms, phrases and expressions;
Syn.: official style, the style of official documents, officialese
Source: <I.R.G.>
See: <functional style>, <stylistic device>
Officialese
Source: <I.R.G.>
See: <official style>
features of official style
- conventionality of expression;
e.g. preamble, central clauses, opening addresses, closing sentences, signatures, seals, dates, names of addres See s
- special system of clichés, set expressions \[and highly literary formal words\];
e.g. I beg to inform you, on behalf of, Dear Sir, The High Contracting Parties hereby agree as follows, hereby, hereto, herein, hereinafter (referred to as), the undersigned, excepted otherwise herein provided, whatsoever, to authorise, bona fide
- terms;
e.g. immovable property, designated depository, deputy judge, depositions de bene esse, territorial waters
- the encoded character of language; symbols: special terminological nomenclature, abbreviations, conventional symbols and contractions;
e.g. MP, IMF, UN, RU, NGO, PLC, LLC, Inc, Gvt, Dept, EXW, $, EUR, VAT, e.o.h.p.
- use of words in their logical <dictionary meaning>. There is no room for words with <contextual meaning> or for any kind of simultaneous realisation of two meanings;
- word with <emotive meaning> are also not to be found, except those which are used in business letters as conventional phrases of greeting or close (as Dear Sir);
- absence of any emotiveness: (commercial correspondence) emotional words and phrases;
- compositional patterns, compositional design; infinitive object clauses;
- a general syntactical mode of combining several pronouncement into one sentence, the whole document in one sentence \[according to\] its formal syntactical structure.
Source: <I.R.G.> (the examples excluding)
See: <official style >
Scientific style
found in articles, brochures, monographs and other scientific and academic publications (V.A.K.)
The aim is to prove a hypothesis, to create new concepts, to disclose the internal laws of existence, development, relations between different phenomena, etc. (I.R.G.)
- <features of scientific style>
- < >
- < >
- < >
- < >
Source: <I.V.A.>, 321
