:
1) , , .
2) .
3) , .
( )
( (1823-1891) )
: ( ) , .
RgA = RgA*.
, (1) :
x1 + x2 + + xn
.
1) , , , .. * .
2) RgA = RgA*, , . , , .
. :
A =
~ . RgA = 2.
A* = RgA* = 3.
.
. .
= ; = 2 + 12 = 14 ¹ 0; RgA = 2;
A* =
RgA* = 2.
. : x1 = 1; x2 =1/2.
2.6
( (1777-1855) )
, . .
:
1 a11 ¹ 0, :
1) 21
2) 31
..
:
, d1j = a1j/a11, j = 2, 3, , n+1.
dij = aij ai1d1j i = 2, 3, , n; j = 2, 3, , n+1.
, ..
. .
.
* =
, :
, : x3 = 2; x2 = 5; x1 = 1.
. .
.
, :
, : z = 3; y = 2; x = 1.
, .
:
: {1, 2, 3, 4}.
3.
|
|
. ( ). , .
. () .
. , . .
. , , .
, .
. , , .
, .. , . , , .
. .
-
- , .
( ), a > 0.
( ¯ ), a < 0.
1) + = + - .
2) + ( + ) = ( + )+
3) + =
4) +(-1) =
5) (a×b) = a(b )
6) (a+b) = a + b -
7) a( + ) = a + a
8) 1× =
.
1) 3 , .
2) 2 , .
3) .
. - , a, b g - .
:
- ,
- ,
= .
- .
; ;
+ = .