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Hitherto all the love, all the honors, all the applause of this world, and all the rewards of heaven, have been lavished on the fortunate and the strong; and the portion of the unfriended Bottom Dog, in his adversity and weakness, has been curses, blows, chains, the gallows and everlasting damnation. I shall plead, then, for those who are loathed and tortured and branded as the sinful and unclean; for those who have hated us and wronged us, and have been wronged and hated by us. I shall defend them for right's sake, for pity's sake and for the benefit of society and the race. For these also are of our flesh, these also have erred and gone astray, these also are victims of an inscrutable and relentless Fate.

If it concerns us that the religions of the world are childish dreams of nightmares; if it concerns us that our penal laws and moral codes are survivals of barbarism and fear; if it concerns us that our most cherished and venerable ideas of our relations to God and to each other are illogical and savage, then the case for the Bottom Dog concerns us nearly.

If it moves us to learn that disease may be prevented, that ruin may be averted, that broken hearts and broken lives may be made whole; if it inspires us to hear how beauty may be conjured out of loathsomeness and glory out of shame; how waste may be turned to wealth

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and death to life, and despair to happiness, then the case for the Bottom Dog is a case to be well and truly tried.

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Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:

It is indeed a great and undeserved privilege to address such an audience as I see before me. At no previous time in the history of human civilisation have greater problems confronted and challenged the ingenuity of man's intellect than now Let us look around us. What do we see on the horizon? What forces are at work? Whither are we drifting? Under what mist of clouds does the future stand obscured?

My friends, casting aside the raiment of all human speech, the crucial test for the solution of all these intricate problems to which I have just alluded is the sheer and forceful application of those immutable laws which down the corridor of Time have always guided the hand of man, groping, as it were, for some faint beacon light for his hopes and aspirations. Without these great vital principles we are but puppets responding to whim and fancy, failing entirely to grasp the hidden meaning of it all. We must re-address ourselves to these questions which press for answer and solution. The issues cannot be avoided. There they stand. It is upon you, and you, and yet even upon me, that the yoke of responsibility falls.

What, then, is our duty? Shall we continue to drift? No! With all the emphasis of my being I hurl back the message No! Drifting must stop. We must press onward and upward toward the ultimate goal to which all must aspire.

But I cannot conclude my remarks, dear friends, without touching briefly upon a subject which I know is steeped in your very consciousness. I refer to that spirit which gleams from the eyes of a new-born babe, that animates4 the toiling masses, that sways all the hosts of humanity past and present. Without this energizing principle all commerce, trade and industry are hushed and will perish from this earth as surely as the crimson sunset follows the golden sunshine.

Mark you, I do not seek to unduly alarm or distress the mothers, fathers, sons and daughters gathered before me in this vast assemblage, but I would indeed be recreant to a high resolve which I made as a youth if I did not at this time and in this place, and with the full realizing sense of responsibility which I assume, publicly declare and affirm my dedication and my consecration to the eternal principles and receipts of simple, ordinary, commonplace justice.1

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1 R. D. ltik. Preface to critical Reading. Henry Holt and Company, N. Y., 1956, p. VII VIII.

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, 1683 1:

Containing some

New Observations about the Deficiencies of Weather-glasses, together with some considerations touching the New or Hermeti-cal Thermometers.

I

And since I had occasion to speak of the Deficiencies of Weatherglasses, and the mistakes where to men are liable in the judgement they make of Cold and Heat upon Their Informations, it will not perhaps appear impertinent to add three or four Considerations more to excite men to the greater Wariness and Industry, both in the making and using Weather-glasses, and in their Judging by them. I. And first, I consider, that we are very much to seek for a Standard or certain Measure of Cold, as we have settled Standards for weight, and magnitude, and time, so that when a man mentions an Acre, or an Ounce, or an Hour; they that hear him, know what he means, and can easily exhibit the same measure: but as for the degrees of Cold (as we have elsewhere noted concerning those of Heat) we have as yet no certain and practicable way of determining them; for, though, if I use a Weatherglass long, 'tis easier for me to find, when the weather is colder, or when warmer, than it was at the time when the Weather-glass was first finished, yet that is a way of estimating, whereby I may in some degrees satisfy my self, but cannot so well instruct others, since I have no certain way to know determinately, so as to be able to communicate my knowledge to a remote Correspondent, what degree of Coldness or Heat there was in the air, when I first finished my Thermoscope; For besides that, we want distinct Names for the several gradual, differences of Coldness, we have already declar'd, that our sense of feeling cannot safely be relied upon to measure them; and as for the Weather-glass, that is a thing, which in this case is suppos'd to be no fit Standard to tell us what was precisely the temper of the air when itself was first finished since that does but inform us of the recessions from it, or else that the Air continues in the Temper it was in at the making of the Instrument, but does not determine for us that Temper, and enable us, to express it; as indeed it is so mutable a thing, ev'n in the same place, and oft-times in the same day, if not the same hour, that it seems little else than a Moral impossibility, to settle such an universal and procurable Standard of Cold, as we have of several other things.

. I . ' XVII XVIII

1 l Robert, New Experiments and Observations Touching Cold. London. 1683, pp. The II Discourse' 15 16.

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THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION

by Charles Darwin. Chapter I. VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION

Causes of Variability

Effects of Habit of the Use or Disuse of Parts

Correlated Variation; Inheritance.

Changed habits produce an inherited effect, as in the period of the flowering of plants when transported from one climate to another. With animals the increased use or disuse of parts has had a more marked influence; thus I find in the domestic duck that the bones of the wing weigh less and the bones of the leg more, in proportion to the whole skeleton, than do the same bones in the wild duck: and this change may be safely attributed to the domestic duck flying much less, and walking more, than its wild parents. The great and inherited development of the udders in cows and goats in countries where they are habitually milked, in comparison with these organs in other countries, is probably another instance of the effects of use. Not one of our domestic animals can be named which has not in some country drooping ears; and the view which has been suggested that the drooping is due to disuse of the muscle of the ear, from the animals being seldom much alarmed, seems probable.

Many laws regulate variation, some few of which can be dimly seen, and will hereafter be briefly discussed. I will here only allude to what may be called correlated variation. Important changes in the embryo or larva will probably entail changes in the mature animal. In monstrosities, the correlations between quite distinct parts are very curious; and many instances are given in Isidore Geoffrey St. Hilaire's great work on this subject.

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351. SULPHUR TRIOXIDE, SO3. It is very easy to decompose sulphurous acid into the anhydride and water. Gentle heating will effect it, and indeed, if the solution be strong the decomposition is spontaneous. Sulphurous acid always smells of sulphur dioxide. The decom-

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position of sulphuric acid into water and sulphur trioxide cannot be effected by any such simple means. The trioxide is made directly by inducing SO2 to combine with more oxygen. There is always a slight tendency for SO2 to pass into SO3 in the presence of oxygen, but the process is too slow to be of much interest. The gases can, however, be made to react much more rapidly by the use of a suitable catalytic agent, the best known being platinum, and as the effect of the platinum depends upon its-surface area it is necessary to arrange for this to be as great as possible. If a piece of asbestos fibre is steeped in a solution of platinum chloride in hydrochloric acid and then heated, the asbestos becomes coated with a thin grey coating of spongy platinum. In this way "platinised asbestos" is produced. If now a mixture of sulphur dioxide and oxygen is passed over heated platinised asbestos, the dioxide is converted into the trioxide, thus:

2SO2+O=2SO3.

The apparatus is quite simple and shown in fig. 35. The vapour of sulphur trioxide which comes off is condensed by means of a freezing mixture into colourless ice-like needles. If this be stored, without access to moisture, it undergoes some sort of molecular change and turns to a white silky crystalline solid. (H. A. Wootton and C. W. R. Hooker. A Text Book on Chemistry.)

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