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Mr. Eden, Foreign Secretary, was appointed Chancellor of Birmingham University yesterday in succession to Lord Cecil of Chelwood, who has resigned on grounds of age, after having been Chancellor for 26 years. (The Times, Feb. 23 1945).

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, . , , , , , , to seem, to believe, to appear, to say, to suppose. , , . , ... is believed to have gone... is supposed to speak, : it was revealed, it was reported . .

He .

. , . , to give front-page prominence; it is claimed; a far-reaching effect; to be under consideration; to relax tension; to the effect; to recognise the accomplished fact; to commit oneself to the view... that..., .

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Death to day claimed four more victims ( Four more people died as a result of the fire);

The mercury soared to a record high for the year ( To day was the hottest day" of the year.);

At an early hour this morning the identity of the victim had not yet been established ( Early this morning the body was still unidentified);

Traffic was snarled (or paralyzed, or at a standstill, or moved at a snail's pace) as snow blanketed the metropolitan area ( The snowfall slowed traffic)1 .

. , , . , Manchester Guardian , , 17 1956 ., 3 1957 .

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The text was made public yesterday of the Prime Minister's reply to the statement on disarmament which Mr. Bulganin addressed on November 17 to the heads of the Big Three Western Governments and India. (M. G., Jan. 4, 1957).

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1 . R. D. Altic "Preface to Critical Reading," Henry Holt and Company, N. Y. 1956

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ECONOMIC NEEDS OF MALTA

BIGGER GRANT SOUGHT From our correspondent

Malta, Feb. 3

The Prime Minister, Mr. Mintoff. was the chief speaker at a Malta Labour Party meeting here this morning which purported to give the people the latest information on the constitutional and economic position of the island. Mr. Mintoff said that in a few days he would be heading a delegation to London for constitutional and economic talks. A sum exceeding Britain's £ 5,500,000 grant for the financial year expiring at the end of next month would be demanded.

Referring to the recent report of the Civil Service commission which recommended considerable increase for non-industrial Government employees, Mr. Mintoff said this would not be implemented until industrial workers received adequate increments.

The Prime Minister announced that a commission was in Malta studying the possibilities of retrenchment as well as of further texation. He said the commission faced an exacting task because of conflicting British and Maltese interests. Mr. Mintoff went on to say that the British Government had not yet agreed to an economic equivalence between Malta and Britain, and next week's delegation would see whether Britain was making up her mind. However, three quarters of integration was "in the bag," and if and when it was granted, as the Malta Labour Party wanted it, there would be a general election. This time the religious issue would not arise, as guarantees would be embodied in the constitutional instrument before elections took place. The Times, February 4, 1957

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RECORD OF A TALK

Mr. Costello said no thoughtful man could doubt that the unity of Ireland would eventually be restored. "I have in my possession a document of great historical interest and importance. It is a letter,

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addressed to me by Mr. William T. Cosgrave, the former Presidents of the Executive Council, referring to a conversation between himself and Sir James Craig, later Lord Craigavon.

"In the course of that conversation Sir James Craig said that he looked forward to a settlement in partition. He even expressed the hope that. Mr. Cosgrave and he would together settle the terms and make the agreement' for an all-Ireland parliament'."

Mr. Costello said his Government had given directions for an intensive study of the problem by all the departments. The resulting material would be correlated and there would be consultations with various interests in the country. A comprehensive set of proposals would be prepared and submitted to the Government for consideration as a basis of discussion.

"We are against force as a method of trying to solve partition", he said. "It is a bad method, and it would not, and could not, achieve the real reunion which we believe to be the only worth-while object of policy in this matter. If we saw any danger and there is no such danger that a majority in this State might decide in favour of force, we would consider it our first duty to Ireland to do our very utmost to convince the people that they should not take that decision." (The Times, February 7, 1957.)

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ANTI-AMERICAN FEELINGS AMONG CONSERVATIVES

VIGOROUS ACTION SOUGHT TO MAINTAIN ANGLO-US TIES From our Political Correspondent

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The sudden upsurge of anti-American sentiment among Conservative M.P.s during the past few days is one of the most disturbing consequences of the policy of the intervention in Egypt. The sentiment has been latent since the early days of the Suez crisis. But only now is it being given full rein by an important section of the party. In the motion tabled in the House of Commons on Tuesday night 110 Conservatives nearly one third of the Government's supporters committed themselves to the view that the attitude of the United States in the present emergency "is gravely endangering the Atlantic alliance."

This motion is significant both because of the number of members who have signed it and because the bulk of them represent what is always regarded as moderate right wing opinion in the party Members of the former "Suez group" of Conservatives led by Captain Water-house have signed it too, but, if they alone had framed it, the motion would have been in more extreme terms. The motion was obviously drafted by its sponsors to attract such wide support as to increase its impact.

ADDED RESENTMENT

Feeling was whipped up among Conservatives by the American decision to support the third United Nations resolution calling for the unconditional withdrawal of British and French forces from Egypt. To this there was added resentment at reports that the Foreign Secretary when in Washington last week had been denied a requested interview with President Eisenhower. The Party quarrel in the House of Commons about the policy of intervention is also very bitter and Mr. Gaitskell's assertion in a weekend speech that "the United States alone of the great Powers has clean hands in this business" was an added goad to many Conservatives. Some of those who have signed the motion believe that anti-Americanism is prevalent in the country and that it is more healthy to give it vocal expression in Parliament than to seek to suppress and ignore it.

The statement to be made by the Foreign Secretary in the House of Commons to-day on the outcome of his negotiations in New York about the conditions on which British forces are to be withdrawn from Egypt will be of critical importance. The large number of Government supporters who have expressed themselves as opposed to unconditional withdrawal from Egypt have suspended judgment on the issue until they have heard what the Foreign Secretary has to say. The Times, November 29, 1956.

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.."there are numerous single words, especially epithets and verbs, which are seemingly indispensable to newspaper reporting. Any better-than-ordinary fire or auto accident is spectacular; an accident that is more peculiar than disastrous is freak; when public men approve of something they had it, when they disapprove of it they attack it; and when they want something they urge it; when two factions have a disagreement they clash; when anything is announced it is made public; and when men accuse others, of wrongdoing they allege (assert, another newspaper warhorse, has a slightly less negative connotation). "1

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1Richard D. Altic. "Preface to Critical Reading", Henry Holt and Company, N. Y., 1956, p. 106.

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A DEADLY FOE TO CIVILISATION THE TSE-TSE FLY. What a grand story to read as we near the close of this confused and troubled year! What an inspiration for us for 1949. It is by such achievements that civilisation will grow to full stature; by such achievements that the poetical nationalistic difference of the present time will be overwhelmed, by such achievements that men of all races and colours will be helped to a good life.

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, , . - . , : all-important fact; balanced judgement; course of action; week ago today; to the effect; to have full consideration; to recognise the accomplished fact; (. fait accompli); to cause mischief,... has it (one report, published in the US News and World Report, has it that... The Times, Jan. 23, 1957), disturbing consequences, to gravely endanger, to increase impact.

, , - , : fishing in troubled waters; to wrap in fog; to sow the seeds of doubt; ducks and drakes; to whip up smth.; a bitter quarrel; to have clean hands.

, great powers , , , , marshall countries , . .

- , . , Ike (Eisenhouwer), Winnie (Winston Churchill); Montie (Montgomery) . .

, , , . The Times "Metaphor and Poetry":

... to hit the enemy for six,... they did hit him clean out of the ground,...give the knock-out blow under "somewhat curious rules", since the blow is to come from several directions at once. "All slang is metaphor, and all metaphor

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is "poetry", wrote G. K. Chesterton, and here is the kind of metaphor and poetry that every one can understand...."He must be a smart "chap", said the Game Chicken, "and get up very early in the morning that beats "John Gully," It is possible to think of another and less directly pugnacious metaphor that might in one passage have been employed.... the present situation is that "we cannot lose it". At that point the word "dormy" must have leaped into the minds of many readers; but though it conveys one of the most reassuring and comfortable sensation which any game can offer, there is about it something too odise for the present purpose...

(. , ). . , . . . , , . . . - , , , , to portend (to foretell); to bode ill (to give bad promise); to exacerbate (to irritate); debate in an open forum (to discuss in public); proliferation (reproducing freely by offsets); to deplore (to feel sorrow); malpractice (wrongdoing); repartee (a clever answer) , .

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Another "No" the employers have said it three times already will certainly mean a walk-out from most of the country's biggest works: perhaps from all of them. (D. W. March

12, 1957, p. 1.)

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The cost-of-living index has been climbing steadily, and only with a certain amount of juggling has it been possible to keep it bellow the figure at which the national minimum wage would automatically have to be raised by 5 per cent. Even if this danger-point is avoided and the extra cost of shipping raw materials round the Cape makes avoidance less probable than ever a new cycle of wage demands, and so another twist to the spiral, is commonly expected. (The Times, 6 XI 56. France's Fight editorial).

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What happened during all this time to the original Indo European language? Let us imagine the typical case of a single group. After years of wandering, these pioneers settled in Italy. They spoke "Indo-European," as they always had. But they were now well-nigh completely cut off from the parent group. They may have travelled on foot, in oxcarts, or on horseback. Most of their way lav through regions difficult, at times almost impossible, of passage. They had undergone numerous hardships. Many had died and a new generation was in control. Perhaps some of them had stopped en route where the landscape pleased them. Others had pushed on tirelessly, resolved to find a land more to their liking. Those who finally reached Italy could not have found the way back even if they had wanted to

What would happen to their language in the new environment? It would inevitably change. Words are produced by numerous and complex motions of the speech organs. Any slight slurring of the sound results in a difference of pronunciation. No two of us speak exactly alike. Some people, for example, cannot pronounce r. As a result, when the new Italian community was completely cut off from the parent stock, new speech habits set in. Similarly, every other community speaking "Indo-European" would develop a different set of individual speech habits when it broke away from the parent stock.

Furthermore, with the new surroundings and new experiences of each group, new ideas would demand expression and would bring forth new words. After the lapse of several hundred years, each group have a different language and would no longer be able to understand the others.

Our Italian group would split up still further. Some would remain in sight of the Alps to the north, others would go down the coast to the east or to the west of the Apennines, still others would make their way to the extreme south of the peninsula. What would be the result? In course of time, more different languages. These would be closer to one another than any one of them would be to the parent tongue, but they would still be different languages. In those days, when travel was slow and difficult, a few hundred miles would be sufficient to isolate one community from another, especially if a mountain range or some large rivers intervened (Wilton W. Blanche. General Principles of Language.)





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