4. , 䳺.
1. Close the window when it (rain). 2. If you (come) home late you (not be) able to watch that program over TV. 3. Keep quiet, we (listen) to the music. 4. What (you, see) in the corner over there? 5. It (rain) so we must take umbrellas. 6. What a smell! I expect something (burn). 7. He (sleep) soundly when the dog. (run) into the room. 8. What.. (you, see) when I (come) in a moment ago? 9. Oh, its you, John! You (not be) in touch with me for a long time. Im glad you (ring) up. Where (you, be) all these weeks? I hope you (not, be) ill? 10. Since I (work) here, I have met several of your friends. 11. At last I (finish)! How glad I am. 12. When I (do) my homework I (listen) to the wireless. 13. Who (sing) in the bath when I (come) in? 14. I (stay) in Moscow till next March. 15. (you, feel) any better now? 16. What (she, say) when she saw you? 17. When he was young he (like) collecting stamps. 18. Why .(you, always, make) such mistakes? 19. (you, have) breakfast yet?
Lesson 12
Ͳ IJ
䳺 (can, may, must, ought, shall, should, will, would, need, dare), . ֳ 䳺 , 䳺, (Defective Verbs).
䳺 , 䳺:
| can helpyou. | . |
| must gothere. | ³ . |
䳺 䳺 , :
| Canyou doit? Yes, I can. | ? . |
| wanted to open the window but I couldn't. | , . |
䳺 䳿 , , , , , , , , 䳿, .
䳺 to have to be.
䳺 :
1. 䳺 , 䳺 , , .
2. ϳ 䳺 to.
䳺 to be to have 䳺 ought, to, 䳺 need dare, to .
3. 䳺 -()s:
| maycome tomorrow. | , . |
4.
䳺 䳺 to do.
䳺 :
| MayI comein? | ? |
䳺 not:
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| You should not doit. | . |
Can not:
| cannotdance. | . |
䳺:
| cannot can't | will not won't |
| could not couldn't | should not shouldn't |
| may not mayn't | would not wouldn't |
| might not mightn't | ought not oughtn't |
| must not mustn't | need not needn't |
| shall not shan't |
12.1 ij can
ij n : n could:
| nswim. | . |
| couldread when he was five. | ³ , ' . |
Could Subjunctive II. could (Indefinite Infinitive) , (Perfect Infinitive) :
| Couldyou eat now? | ? |
| couldlearn Latin very soon. | . |
| Youcouldhave goneto the library yesterday. | . |
ij can , (n) (could) :
| canliftthis weight. | ³ . |
| Canyou see anything? | - ? |
| canreadFrench. | . |
| couldn'tsolve the problem. | ' . |
| You canbuythis book; it is on sale now. | , . |
ϳ could , , , , :
| You couldhave bought this book, it was on sale. | , ( ). |
| couldhave guessedit. | ³ ( ). |
ij n . n to be able : to. to be able :
| Perhaps this young man will be able to help you. | , . |
| Shewasn't able to answer. | . |
12.2 ij may
ij may : may might.
might , :
| asked the doctor if he mightuse his telephone. | ³ , . |
ij may , . may .
Indefinite Infinitive 䳺 may , :
| She maycome back. | , . |
may Continuous Infinitive , :
| maybe waiting for you. | , . |
䳺 Continuous, , , Indefinite Infinitive:
| She mayknowabout it. | , . |
| They maybe at school now. | , . |
Perfect Infinitive , :
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| mayhave putit on the table. | , . |
12.3 ij must
ij must . ij, must, :
| must beat school now. | . |
| She must cometomorrow. | . |
Must , 䳺- :
| toldthat she mustconsult a doctor. | ³ , . |
ij must ', . must :
| catch the train I must get upat six. | , 6 . |
| Mustwe cometo school tomorrow? | ? |
䳺 to have ;
| But he had to waita quarter of an hour. | . |
| Ishall have to payhim something. | . |
must . must :
| You must not talkaloud in the reading-hall. | . |
, , , 䳺 need need not (needn't) 䳺 to have:
| Mustwecometo school tomorrow? No, you needn't. | ? ͳ, . |
| You don't have to learn the poem by heart. | He ' '. |
12.4 ij should ought
ij should ought . . Should to. ϳ ought to.
ij should ought ' ( , ), , . should ought .
should ought Indefinite Infinitive :
| You ought to goto the movies more. | . |
| Kate is in hospital. Youshould visither. | . . |
Continuous Infinitive should/ought , .
| You oughtn't to be working for those people. | . |
| think we ought to be starting. | , . |
Perfect Infinitive 䳺 should ought , , , , . should ought Perfect Infinitive , , :
| You should have senther to school. | . |
| ought to have waited for you. | . |
| You shouldn't have left her. | . |
| We have done things weought not to have done. | , . |
12.5 䳺 to have
ij to have, , ' 䳿, .
䳺 䳺 to have , 䳺 , 䳺, . 䳺 to have Indefinite Infinitive to:
| have to getup the next morning at seven. | . |
| had to sellmost of my things. | . |
| You'll have to gohome now. | . |
䳺 to have Present Indefinite Past Indefinite 䳺 to do:
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| Dowe have to sleepwith him in here? | ? |
| You don't have to go in. | . |
| You did not have to think about it. | . |
䳺 , , , ? (. ); -, ? ( .)
12.6 䳺 to be
ij to be : Present Indefinite Past Indefinite.
| is tocomeat five. | ³ 5 . |
| was tocome at five. | ³ 5 . |
䳺 to be Present Indefinite Indefinite Infinitive.
ϳ to be Past Indefinite Perfect Infinitive, , :
| was to have comeat five. | ³ 5 ( ). |
ij to be, , ', , , , . .:
| We were to worktwo hours every morning. | . |
| We are to meetat the theatre. | . |
䳺 to be :
| You are togo to sleep. | . |
| You're not tocome here any more. | . |
| The medicine is to be kept in a cool dark place. | ˳ |
12.7
1. .
1. We must pass the exam in physics. 2. He must learn the new words regularly. 3. They can continue their studies at the college. 4. She can play tennis after work. 5. My brother couldnt translate this text without a dictionary. 6. The tourists may attend the sitting of the Parliament. 7. The weather may change soon. 8. He might take books from his fathers library.
2. 䳺 . - .
1. His parents can help him in his studies. 2. I could meet you at the metro station. 3. All the students must read this text again. 4. Everybody must begin the work in time. 5. They may continue the experiment. 6. You may keep this book as long as you need it. 7. You must try to find out all the essential facts connected with his work. 8. The team of experts can study the present situation in the country. 9. Could you speak English a year ago?
3. 䳺 , .
1. Our secretary must reserve accommodation for foreign businessmen. 2. Can you speak English well? 3. The manager of the firm can't receive you now. 4. You may go home earlier today if you like. 5. At supermarkets you can buy not only food, but ready made clothes, toys and other goods. 6. You may visit your sick friend today. 7. You must not cross the street on the red light.
4. , 䳺 .
1. I hope they will be able to reach the village before it is dark. 2. You may go away now I shall finish the work myself. 3. Every engineer must know at least one foreign language. 4. Your son must stay in bed because he is still ill. 5. You should take a taxi if you dont want to be late for the concert. 6. Students are not allowed to smoke at the Institute. 7. He wasnt allowed to enter the concert hall after the third bell. 8. As he received a bad mark, he had to go over the material again. 9. We were to meet at the station at six. 10. The train is to arrive at 10 oclock. 11. Tomorrow Ill have to be there a little earlier to look through some documents. 12. The work is to be completed by the end of June. 13. Some business matters should be discussed before you sign a contract. 14. You should influence your friend. He is not studying the way he should.
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5. 䳺 .
1. Lena is ill. She . stay in bed. 2. Drivers stop when they see a red light. 3. Betty asked her father: I go to the concert tonight? 4. Nina is free tonight. She go to dance. 5. Alec will have an English lesson tomorrow. He study tonight. 6. Mark is a good student. He speak English well. 7. There is no ink in my pen. .I write with a pencil? 8. You do what the doctor says. 9. You study much if you want to pass the exams well. 10. Little children go to bed early. 11. Children under 16 not see this film.
6. , .
| Why didnt you do it? (go home). |
| I didnt do it, because I had to go home. |
1. Why didnt Harry come to see us? (do lot of sums in maths). 2. Why didnt you take part in our concert? (in sport competition) 3. Why didnt Pete ride the bicycle? (repair it). 4. Why didnt you stay there7 (go home' at once). 5. Why didnt you spend all the money? (save some for the next month). 6. Why didnt the man stay longer? (be t the office). 7. Why didnt Mother cook dinner? (go shopping).8. Why didnt Phil play football? (prepare his home work). 9. Why didnt they go to the concert? (look after their sick child). 10. Why didnt the boys stay at home? (go to school).
7. , .
| Kate is not well. (see a doctor). |
| She ought to see a doctor. |
1. The boys are too lazy. (study more). 2. Mary is so selfish (help her relatives). 3. Your husband works too much. (have rest). 4. Your friend is very rude. (be more polite). 5. Phillip isnt very punctual. (come in time). 6. John is so untidy (be neater). 7. Mother is ill. (consult doctor). 8. Jane is so extravagant (be more modest). 9. Grandfather is so forgetful. (write down telephone messages). 10. The dog is hungry. (you, feed it).
8. 䳺 .
1. When Sophia asked professor Chebyshev for advice he said: You should ask for special permission to take examinations but I am not sure that you will be allowed to do it. 2. The examinations are to be held at the very beginning of next month, said Sophia. Shall I be able to get the permission by that time? 3. You may go abroad, but to do it you must get married, said the professor. 4. You should discuss this problem with your family, he added. 5. So strong was Sophia's wish to go on with her studies that her parents had to let her get married and go abroad. 6. When the Kovalevskys arrived in Berlin, they learned that women were not permitted to take examinations there either. 7. The only possible way out for her was to read privately, which she did. I shall have to work very hard to cover the University course in four years, said she. 8. During the four years she stayed in Berlin Sophia Kovalevskaya was able not only to cover the University course, but also to write three dissertations. 9. In consideration of these dissertations they ought to let me make my Doctorate, she thought. 10. It was the University of Gottingen that granted her a degree of Ph. D. for the paper On the Theory of Partial Differential Equations. Their opinion was that the author of such a remarkable work should be granted a degree. 11. Moreover, they informed the young scientist that she needn't take oral examinations, as she had been excused from them. 12. It was then that the Kovalevskys decided to return to Russia, as Sophia hoped that with her Ph. D. she would be permitted to work at the University.
9. 䳺
1. According to her father's plans Sophia (must) get a sound education. 2. As there were no teachers in Palibino Sophia's father (must) invite an experienced teacher from St. Petersburg. 3. To cover the school programme Sophia's teacher (must) instruct her in languages, arithmetic, grammar, literature, geography and history. 4. Sophia (can) speak and write French quite well since her childhood. 5. Sophia was a very capable pupil. She (can) write excellent compositions and solve complicated problems in mathematics as well. 6. Her teacher didn't expect that at the age of twelve Sophia (can) suggest a new solution for the determination of the ratio of the diameter of the circle to its circumference. 7. At the age of sixteen Sophia asked her father for permission to go on with her studies in St. Petersburg. You (must) take private lessons, as women (may not) attend lectures at the University, he said. 8. He told her that women (must) obtain special permission from the University authorities. 9. Sophia did get that permission, but still she (may not) take examinations. 10. I (must) go abroad to complete my education, decided Sophia.
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12.8 ϳ
䳺
Modal verbs
1. 䳺.
1. I .. tell stories, never could.
a) can; b) cant; c) may; d) have to.
2. He .. swim since childhood.
a) can; b) could; c) should; d) has been able to.
3. .. I take Pete` s bag?
a) can; b) shall; c) may; d) must.
4. I .. do a lot of work yesterday.
a) had to; b) have to; c) must; d) was able to.
5. You .. make notes in the books.
a) dont have to; b) arent to; c) mustnt; d) neednt.
6. His sister .. cook very well.
a) is able to; b) may; c) has to; d) can.
7. .. it be done before tomorrow?
a) can; b) may; c) must; d) should.
8. Nobody .. do it without your help.
a) couldnt; b) can; c) should; d) cant.
9. My mother was unwell, and I .. go to the chemist` s.
a) must; b) have to; c) could; d) had to.
10. He .. neither move nor speak.
a) couldnt; b) could; c) might; d) had to.
11. If you have done your homework, you .. go for a walk.
a) may; b) can; c) must; d) have to.
12. I .. give you my book for a couple of days after I have read it.
a) can; b) may; c) shall be able to; d) have to.
13. We .. discuss the matter not later than tomorrow.
a) had to; b) must; c) can; d) are able to.
14. He .. wait at the station till it stopped raining.
a) will have to; b) wasnt able to; c) had to; d) might.
2. 䳺.
1. She .. clean the house herself.
a) is to; b) can; c) has to; d) should.
2. We .. look into the matter.
a) must; b) can; c) may; d) don t have to.
3. I .. exactly express my meaning.
a) shant; b) mustnt; c) can `t; d) neednt.
4. .. I bring my sister to the party?
a) shall; b) can; c) must; d) may.
5. .. you see anything in this inky darkness?
a) can; b) may; c) must; d) need.
6.She asked me if she .. use my telephone.
a) can; b) could; c) might; d) may.
7. I .. go to hospital to visit my aunt.
a) could; b) had to; c) was able to; d) must.
8. She .. stay at home because she didnt feel well.
a) could; b) was to; c) had to; d) must.
9. What is done .. be undone.
a) can; b) cannot; c) may not; d) must.
10. .. we learn the poem today?
a) shall; b) should; c) could; d) must.
11. She .. graduate that year.
a) had to; b) must; c) could; d) was to.
12. She .. get to the airport in time, there isnt much time left.
a) can; b) won `t be able; c) wouldnt; d) wont have to.
13. Students .. do homework in time.
a) must; b) are to; c) have to; d) can.
14. .. I shut the door?
a) must; b) can; c) may; d) need
3. 䳺.
1. They .. start on Monday.
a) has to; b) must; c) were to; d) could.
2. Only a person who knows the language very well .. answer such a question.
a) can; b) may; c) has to; d) is to.
3. Mike .. write this exercise at school because he hadnt done it at home.
a) must; b) had to; c) was able to; d) was to.
4. You .. know how to raise your children not to be losers.
a) may; b) are to; c) have to; d) should.
5. .. you .. do the work tomorrow?
a) will *** have to; b) will *** be able to; c) can;
d) will *** be allowed to
6. .. I go to the post office with Mike?
a) may; b) can; c) must; d) shall.
7. After they had finished their homework, the children () .. watch TV.
a) were able to; b) had to; c) were to; d) were allowed to.
8. We .. speak at the lessons.( )
a) can t; b) mustnt; c) arent allowed to; d) arent able to.
9. Nothing .. be done, its too late.
a) cant; b) can; c) may; d) must.
10. I .. wear glasses as my eyesight is very weak.
a) am to; b) must; c) can; d) have to.
11. They decided that she .. send them a telegram every tenth day.
a) was to; b) had to; c) must; d) was able to.
12. You .. take any more pills after next Monday ( ).
a) cant; b) mustnt; c) neednt; d) shouldnt.
13. They .. be taught a lesson ().
a) could; b) should; c) must; d) may.
14. The school was silent: nothing .. be heard in the long dark corridors.
a) can; b) couldnt; c) could; d) wasnt able to.
4. 䳺.
1. You .. go when you have finished your compositions.
a) can; b) are able to; c) may; d) mustnt.
2. She .. translate this article without a dictionary.
a) may; b) can; c) has to; d) is allowed to.
