SNMP . , , , , LAN Manager , Windows NT .. , .
. "-", , , . , - , . : .
SNMP - SMI (Structure of Management Information), () () . , ( SNMP), ( SNMP).
SMI . . (). - ( ) , . . . , . OID (Object IDentifier) , .
MIB (Management Information Base).
snmpd /etc/snmpd.conf. snmptrapd, ( ).
SNMP-, UCD (University of California at Davis):
snmpget SNMP-.
snmpgetnext .
snmpwalk - MIB, OID.
snmpset SNMP-.
snmptrap .
snmptable SNMP-.
snmptranslate OID MIB.
11) X Window.
Linux X Window System (X). , XFree86 X.Org (http://www.x.org/wiki/). Linux 2.2 :
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- (X server). Linux. - , . , X- , .
(display manager). -. Linux GNOME Desktop Manager (gdm).
(window manager). , , .
(desktop environment). . , . Linux : GNOME KDE, Linux.
- (X-client). - , - , .
, -. X Window -. , , ; -, . - - SSH.
X Window.
12) UNIX.
( ) ( ). 86 .
:
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
UNIX . , , , . UNIX . -, , ( ), , . -, , , - . -, - i-. i- . , i- , , - , , , , .
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login , , shell. login , , /etc/passwd /etc/group. ( ) , . , . setuid setgid, .
: , (uid=0 gid=0). , /etc/passwd uid gid. - , . . ( suid, sudo), .
13) , GNU/Linux.
, :
1 make config
2 make menuconfig
3 make xconfig
make config - .
make menuconfig - ( ncurses).
make xconfig - .
3 : y,m,n.
y(yes) - . m(module) - ( reboot'a). . n(no) - .
.
:
1)
-> make dep
-> make clean
2)
-> make bzImage|bzdisk|bzlilo
3)
-> make modules
-> make modules_install
- make dep make clean - . make dep (.depend),
. , . make clean, () , .
, . 3- : make bzImage, make bzdisk make bzlilo. - ,
.
:
make bzImage - , . , /usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot. bzImage. lilo|grub .
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make bzdisk - - , bzImage, . .
make bzlilo - , lilo. map- . , , . bzImage , . / vmlinuz ( vmlinuz).
.
2- make modules make modules_install. make modules : , , . make modules_install, , /lib/modules/<kernel-version>/kernel/<module-type>. (<module-type>) , (: block, misk, net, pcmcia, etc...).
14) UNIX (Linux).
- , . , 0- .
:
−
−
− (VFS)
−
− (syscall API)
−
−
(, , ), .
, , . , .
, , , .
, - , . , .
, , .
15) GNU/Linux .
Gdb, DDB
Gdb -k kernel
gdb -k , , . .
, , DDB. , , . , , gdb.
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DDB,
options DDB
, .
, DDB , DDB. , , -d . DDB . / .
. . , :
# sysctl debug.enter_debugger=ddb
³ Linux.
− - printk([<n>]"message");
− /proc create_proc_read_entry()
− ioctl()
− gdb
−
16) UNIX.
(Virtual File System) , . VFS, .
VFS , open(), read() write(), . , , : VFS , . Unix.
, . , " ", " " . . , . write(f, &buf, len) :
VFS . , : , . VFS:
− (superblock), .
− (inode), .
− (dentry), . dentry , .
− (file), , .
VFS , , :
− super_operations ( ). , .
− inode_operations ( ). , .
− dentry_operations ( ). , .
− file_operations ( ). , .
17) GNU/Linux .
Linux .
. , , . . , , , ( ) .
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, , "", " ", , . , , : - -. , open, close, read write, .
ioctl -, . , .
-:
− check_region() - /
− request_region() -
− release_region() -
− inb()/outb() - /
− inw()/outw() - (16)
− inl()/outl() - (32)
− insb()/outsb() . . - /
− rmb()/wmb()/mb() - , () , .
− (I/O memory) - check_mem_region(), readb()/writeb(),
#include <linux/sched.h> // #include <linux/interrupt.h> // #include <asm/io.h> // #include <linux/ioport.h>// -#include <linux/kernel.h>//18) , GNU/Linux.
Makefile:
obj-m += hello-1.o
, , make -C /usr/src/linux-`uname -r` SUBDIRS=$PWD modules.
:
gcc -O -Wall -DMODULE -D__KERNEL__ -I/usr/src/linux/include\ -c mymodule.c
root. insmod < >.
( root) rmmod < >.
lsmod, /proc/modules.
19) GNU/Linux.
Linux . init_module() exit_module() . . , sys_init_module , ( capable). load_module, . load_module , . , , , . init() , , .
MODULE_LICENSE(), MODULE_AUTHOR(DRIVER_AUTHOR), MODULE_DESCRIPTION(DRIVER_DESC).
20) UNIX .
UNIX . , , . , /dev , . , , .
. . , , , , . UNIX . /dev. /dev. , di_mode . , . . . , di_addr , , : struct {char di_minor; char di_major;};
di_major /, di_minor . - .
" " . -- " ". , . . . , , .
, -- . , . Unix- 1 , 2. -- , , . , .
21) GNU/Linux.
Linux iproute2.
iproute2 Linux. Linux, . iproute2 , .
iproute2 UNIX, , arp‐: ifconfig, route, arp, netstat.
:
− ip , , , , arp‐, IP‐, multicast , multicast .
− tc (tc traffic control). , ( ), , , QoS :
− ( ToS IP‐, IP‐)
− , , . .
− ss . netstat.
iproute2 (Alexey Kuznetsov).
tc . :
− qdisc - − class - , , − filters - - , ( , , , , , ...). :1) tc qdisc show [ dev DEV ] - 2) tc class show dev DEV - 3) tc filter show dev DEV - DEV () tc qdisc change(del) parent handle. , 6. 3 classfull ( ): prio, cbq, htb, 3 (classless): tbf, pfifo, sfq. Classless , classfull . 2 , classfull classless "", . , classfull ( traffic control - ). classless:1) TBF (token bucket filter) - , , (, . tbf:− limit latency - , , - , ( limit - )− burst(buffer maxburst) - , , mpu - , .− rate - − peakrate - , 1 . 2) sfq(stochastic fairness queueing - ). : , "" (, .. , ), . .. Token Ring . , , . sfq :− pertrub - , , - 0, .. , 10 ;− quantum - , , , − SFQ- : 3) - pfifo ( ) bfifo ( ). , . - limit, (pfifo) (bfifo).
