' . 2
1) UNIX. 3
2) (, ) UNIX Linux. 5
3) UNIX-. 6
4) UNIX. 7
5) UNIX. 8
6) ( cron) UNIX-. 9
7) (NFS) UNIX. 10
8) UNIX. 11
9) SNMP. 12
10) X Window. 13
11) UNIX. 15
12) , GNU/Linux. 16
13) UNIX (Linux). 18
14) GNU/Linux . 20
15) UNIX. 21
16) GNU/Linux . 22
17) , GNU/Linux. 23
18) GNU/Linux. 24
19) UNIX . 25
20) GNU/Linux. 26
21) Linux. 28
23) OS Windows Server 2003. 29
1)
' .
, :
− ;
− ;
− ;
− ;
− ;
− ;
− .
2) UNIX.
, BIOS , .
(, ), , - . , , , , .
(Master Boot Record).
, , .
. . , , GRUB.
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: , ,
: (), , , -, , , ...
, / ( /etc, /bin, /sbin). /. init ( ,/sbin/init).
init
. UNIX init, .
3) (, ) UNIX Linux.
Linux : , , , , . . , , . . ( ).
, Linux (, RPM RedHat dpkg Debian GNU/Linux, yum Fedora). . , . , , . .
yum install. , tsclient :
yum install tsclient
- update. :
yum update
remove. ,
yum remove foo
RPM
:
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|
bash$ rpm -i " "
.
bash$ rpm -e apache
4) UNIX-.
:
/etc/passwd , . , . , :
- ;
- ( );
- ;
- ;
- GECOS ( , );
- ;
- .
/etc/shadow , passwd. . 9 , :
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- , , ;
- , ;
- ;
- .
/etc/group UNIX- . :
- ;
- (, );
- ;
- ( ).
/etc/default/useradd useradd.
/etc/login.defs .
/etc/skel , .
Adduser addgroup , , /etc/adduser.conf.
vipw, vigr- , , .
Last, lastb - ,
5) UNIX.
(logging), (debug logging), (accounting). , -, . . UNIX SYSLOG.
syslog . 'syslogd' , , , syslogd UNIX-.
syslog - . (FACILITY) (PRIORITY).
syslogd /etc/syslog.conf ( - . 'man syslogd' 'man syslog.conf'). syslog.conf, syslogd SIGHUP, . (SIGHUP) syslogd , .
'logger', openlog(), closelog(), syslog() setlogmask().
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6) UNIX.
UNIX .
( ). :
−
− (, )
−
−
, , . , . , (scheduler), (, , /). , , . , /, . .
. , , , " ". , , ( , ), . : , . . .
nice (nice number), .
ps .
kill . . signo. signo , . kill - I .
at at, .
top ps .
7) ( cron) UNIX-.
cron ( - /etc/rc.d/cron), /etc/crontab , . , . /var/cron/allow /var/cron/ cron , . /var/cron/tabs , . crontab, : crontab [-u user] (-l | -r | -e) -u user, , . su, , . -l , -r - , -e . , EDITOR VISUAL. : Min Hour Day Month WDay Command ( ) , , , , , , . "*" .8) (NFS) UNIX.
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NFS . FTP NFS , , , . , , , NFS , .
NFS NFS RPC . , NFS , RPC , .
UNIX' NFS. Unix- NFS , . : mount -F nfs udalennaq.mashina:/katalog_tam /katalog NFS - Unix', NFS MSDOS- PC. PC/NFS ( "PC-NFS" - PC/NFS "Sun Select"). .. PC', FS PC, Unix' , NFS. -, PC/NFS PC , Netware - . , Unix-host, NFS- , , Netware , ethernet', , 1.5-29) UNIX.
Ifconfig
ifconfig . . .
, ifconfig . , ; -a, , . .
Linux ip, .
Route
IP-.
route [-f] [-p] [ [_] [mask _] [] [metric ]] [if ]]
add | |
change | |
delete | |
netstat , , .
:
/etc/hosts - IP- .
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/etc/sysconfig/network - .
:
hostname [_] - / .
ping [] _ | - . ICMP- ECHO_REQUEST . ping , - ( ) .
traceroute [] _ | - , IP- . ( ), DNS. 'traceroute n, IP- . traceroute * -.