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' . 2

1) UNIX. 3

2) (, ) UNIX Linux. 5

3) UNIX-. 6

4) UNIX. 7

5) UNIX. 8

6) ( cron) UNIX-. 9

7) (NFS) UNIX. 10

8) UNIX. 11

9) SNMP. 12

10) X Window. 13

11) UNIX. 15

12) , GNU/Linux. 16

13) UNIX (Linux). 18

14) GNU/Linux . 20

15) UNIX. 21

16) GNU/Linux . 22

17) , GNU/Linux. 23

18) GNU/Linux. 24

19) UNIX . 25

20) GNU/Linux. 26

21) Linux. 28

23) OS Windows Server 2003. 29

1)
' .

, :

− ;

− ;

− ;

− ;

− ;

− ;

− .


2) UNIX.


, BIOS , .

(, ), , - . , , , , .

(Master Boot Record).

, , .

. . , , GRUB.

: , ,

: (), , , -, , , ...

, / ( /etc, /bin, /sbin). /. init ( ,/sbin/init).

init

. UNIX init, .


3) (, ) UNIX Linux.

Linux : , , , , . . , , . . ( ).

, Linux (, RPM RedHat dpkg Debian GNU/Linux, yum Fedora). . , . , , . .

yum install. , tsclient :

yum install tsclient

- update. :

yum update

remove. ,

yum remove foo

RPM

:

bash$ rpm -i " "

.

bash$ rpm -e apache


4) UNIX-.

:

/etc/passwd , . , . , :

- ;

- ( );

- ;

- ;

- GECOS ( , );

- ;

- .

/etc/shadow , passwd. . 9 , :

- ;

- ;

- ;

- ;

- ;

- , , ;

- , ;

- ;

- .

/etc/group UNIX- . :

- ;

- (, );

- ;

- ( ).

/etc/default/useradd useradd.

/etc/login.defs .

/etc/skel , .

Adduser addgroup , , /etc/adduser.conf.

vipw, vigr- , , .

Last, lastb - ,


5) UNIX.

(logging), (debug logging), (accounting). , -, . . UNIX SYSLOG.

syslog . 'syslogd' , , , syslogd UNIX-.

syslog - . (FACILITY) (PRIORITY).

syslogd /etc/syslog.conf ( - . 'man syslogd' 'man syslog.conf'). syslog.conf, syslogd SIGHUP, . (SIGHUP) syslogd , .

'logger', openlog(), closelog(), syslog() setlogmask().


6) UNIX.

UNIX .

( ). :

− (, )

, , . , . , (scheduler), (, , /). , , . , /, . .

. , , , " ". , , ( , ), . : , . . .

nice (nice number), .

ps .

kill . . signo. signo , . kill - I .

at at, .

top ps .


7) ( cron) UNIX-.

cron ( - /etc/rc.d/cron), /etc/crontab , . , . /var/cron/allow /var/cron/ cron , . /var/cron/tabs , . crontab, : crontab [-u user] (-l | -r | -e) -u user, , . su, , . -l , -r - , -e . , EDITOR VISUAL. : Min Hour Day Month WDay Command ( ) , , , , , , . "*" .

8) (NFS) UNIX.

Network File System (NFS) , Sun Microsystems 1984 . (ONC RPC, Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call, RFC 1057, RFC 1831). () , RFC 1094, RFC 1813, RFC 3530 RFC 5661.

NFS . FTP NFS , , , . , , , NFS , .

NFS NFS RPC . , NFS , RPC , .

UNIX' NFS. Unix- NFS , . : mount -F nfs udalennaq.mashina:/katalog_tam /katalog NFS - Unix', NFS MSDOS- PC. PC/NFS ( "PC-NFS" - PC/NFS "Sun Select"). .. PC', FS PC, Unix' , NFS. -, PC/NFS PC , Netware - . , Unix-host, NFS- , , Netware , ethernet', , 1.5-2

9) UNIX.

Ifconfig

ifconfig . . .

, ifconfig . , ; -a, , . .

Linux ip, .

Route

IP-.

route [-f] [-p] [ [_] [mask _] [] [metric ]] [if ]]

add
change
delete
print

netstat , , .

:

/etc/hosts - IP- .

/etc/sysconfig/network - .

:

hostname [_] - / .

ping [] _ | - . ICMP- ECHO_REQUEST . ping , - ( ) .

traceroute [] _ | - , IP- . ( ), DNS. 'traceroute n, IP- . traceroute * -.






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