1. Present Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, уже совершившегося к настоящему моменту, и имеющего непосредственную связь с настоящим моментом, которая проявляется как результат действия, имеющийся налицо в момент речи: E.g.
 |
Так как Present Perfect выражает результат действия, эта временная форма часто употребляется для того, чтобы начать беседу или ввести новую тему. Однако если речь в беседе идет об одном и том же предмете с указанием деталей, то вместо Present Perfect употребляют обычно Past Simple. В этом случае могут упоминаться конкретные обстоятельства действия (время, место, причина, цель, образ действия и т.д.). E.g.
“Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat, “Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat,
Where have you been?” What did you see there?”
“I’ve been to London “I saw a little mouse
To look at the Queen.” Under her chair.”
Present Perfect часто употребляется без указания времени совершения действия, поскольку внимание говорящего обращено не на время совершения действия, а на его результат в настоящем. e.g. I have broken my pen.
Present Perfect часто употребляется с наречиями just, ever, never, already, yet, before, recently, lately, e.g. She has just missed being run over. Have you heard of him lately?
Present Perfect может употребляться также с today, this week, this month, this year, this morning и т.д., если эти периоды времени еще не закончились. e.g. This year we have taken only one assistant. (This year is not over.) He has not received any letters from her this week. (This week is not over.)
Однако если период времени истек употребляется Past Simple: e.g. I met him this morning. (It is no longer morning.)
Необходимо отметить, что именно Past Simple употребляется в специальных вопросах, начинающихся с вопросительных слов when, how, where, когда речь идет о событиях в прошлом. e.g. When did you actually arrive? Where did I leave my pen? How did they get here?
2. Present Perfect также употребляется для выражения длительного действия, которое началось в прошлом и еще совершается в настоящее время. Это грамматическое значение в основном выражается с помощью Present Perfect Progressive. Однако Present Perfect Non-Progressive употребляется в следующих случаях:
а) с глаголами состояния, которые не употребляются во временах группы Continuous (to be, to have, ho know, to love и др.): e.g. I have loved her since she was a child. He has known her for two years.
б) Present Perfect употребляется вместо Present Perfect Progressive в отрицательных предложениях, когда полностью отрицается само действие: e.g. We have not sat here for ages. She has not written to me for a year.
В этом случае Present Perfect переводится на русский язык настоящим временем и употребляется с обозначениями времени, указывающими на период, в течение которого совершается действие (for an hour, for many years, for a long time) или на тот момент, с которого началось действие (since June, since 1917). В предложении с союзом since употребляется Past Simple, чтобы указать момент, с которого началось действие: e.g. He has lost over 10 kilos in weight since he started that diet.
3. Present Perfect употребляется для выражения совершенного будущего действия в придаточных предложениях времени и условия, которые вводятся союзами after, when, as soon as, until (till), before, if и т.д. Present Perfect показывает, что действие придаточного предложения будет выполнено прежде, чем произойдет действие главного предложения: e.g. After I have read the book, I shall give it to you. We shall start at five o’clock if it has stopped raining by that time.
4. Present Perfect также употребляется в некоторых устойчивых выражениях:
а) They have made it! (= They have succeeded)
б) I have had enough. (= I am fed up. I don’t want to do any more)
в) Now you have done it! (= You have done something seriously wrong)
г) You have had it! (= You are in trouble)
Exercise 1. Complete the dialogues using the present perfect form and one or more of the time expressions from the box. Do it according to the following scheme:
| ever, never, often, before, (three / several) times, this year, in the last few days, the first time |
Student A: Student B:
1. A: Do you often come to this disco?
B: No, this is …
2. A: How do you know you way around the town so well?
B: Oh, I …
3. A: Do you think it’s warm enough to swim in the sea yet?
B: Oh yes. I …
4. A: Does your brother drive carefully?
B: No, not at all! He …!
5. A: Does it normally rain here in summer?
B: Not usually, but …
6. A: You’re a very good darts player. Do you play a lot?
B: No, …! It’s just beginner’s luck, I suppose.
7. A: How many times … to a pop concert?
B: …! My parents won’t let me. But I … classical music concerts.
Exercise 2. Write sentences using the Present Perfect and a superlative degree of an adjective. The words in the box will help you.
Student A:
1. His exam marks are terrible. They ….
2. This book is really boring. It’s ….
3. That basketball player is enormous! He’s ….
4. Of course I think you’re beautiful, my darling! You ….
5. My new pullover only cost $5! It ….
6. The children are really enjoying the holiday. It ….
7. The temperature today is 38º. It ….
Exercise 3. Use the notes below to write dialogues. Make up the last few dialogues yourself. Do it according to the following scheme:
Student A: (hold snake?)
Student B: (yes-two)
Student A: (where?)
Student B: (pet shop-garden)
1. A: (helicopter?)
B: (no)
A: (aeroplane?)
B: (yes)
A: (where?)
B: (Australia)
A: (what do?)
B: (uncle)
2. A: (read “Murder on the Orient Express”?)
B: (yes)
A: (like?)
B: (super)
A: (see film?)
B: (yes)
A: (like?)
B: (boring)
3. (find any money?)
4. (pop concert?)
5. (bitten by dog?)
Exercise 4. Paraphrase the statements below using the Present Perfect. The words in the box will help you:
Their house is now pink! They ….
1. They haven’t got a car any more. They ….
2. His dog is missing! It ….
3. They now own their own house. They ….
4. Your spelling of “accommodation” isn’t right. You ….
5. I have to go and have an injection. A dog ….
6. I haven’t any money left! I ….
Exercise 5. Complete the sentences using the Present Perfect (affirmative, negative or interrogative). Use your imagination:
Student A: Student B:
 |
1. A: Go and have a wash.
B: …!
A: Well, your face is still dirty.
2. A: What did your parents say about your exam results?
B: I … yet. I’m too frightened!
3. A: Can I copy your geography homework?
B: Wait a few minutes. I ….
4. A: …?
B: No, the shops aren’t open yet. I’ll buy some later.
5. A: I’m sorry. I …!
B: It doesn’t matter. I don’t like cake anyway.
6. A: …?
B: Of course not! I never take your things without asking!
7. A: … bath?
B: She couldn’t. There wasn’t any hot water.
Exercise 6. Expand the following notes into dialogues. Do it according to the following scheme:
Student A: (shopping?) Student B: (forget list)
 |
1. A: (eat all sandwiches!)
B: (sorry, hungry)
2. A: (why not buy present for Lucy?)
B: (not enough money)
3. A: (paint bedroom black!)
B: (sale in paint shop-paint very cheap)
4. A: (why no haircut?)
B: (shop closed)
5. A: (not finish homework!)
B: (boyfriend phone)
6. A: (someone take new cassette!)
B: (not me!)
7. A: (why not go on holiday?)
B: (dad lose plane tickets)
8. A: (find pen?)
B: (yes, in pocket)
Exercise 7. Use a verb and a time expression from the box and add a second sentence:
| know have be able to be want been allowed to | for since | ages a long time a short time a few days was a boy / baby was 2 / 12 / years old |
 |
1. He’s a good friend of my father’s. Dad ….
2. At last mum and dad are going to America. They ….
3. Sue hasn’t got used to the school yet. She (only) ….
4. She …. In fact, I think she could ski before she could walk!
5. Marjorie is 18 but she isn’t allowed to go to a disco! I …!
6. I don’t really know how the computer works. I (only) ….
7. My little sister has only just discovered that Santa Claus does not exist but my little brother ….
Exercise 8. Make up sentences using the Present Perfect:
Student A: mum not drive car – since have accident
1. Dad much healthier – since buy bicycle.
2. William not eat meat – since work on farm last summer.
3. Not go out with other girls – since know my girlfriend.
4. My brother much nicer to me – since become priest.
5. Since Derek buy computer – not go out with friends.
6. My sister live in Wales – since get married.
7. We very sad – since dog die.
8. My English teacher much better teacher – since go to America.
Exercise 9. Use the Present Perfect or the Past Simple:
|
1. I originally (to study) physics at University and I (to graduate) with a first-class degree.
2. I can’t believe that you (to eat) three pizzas already! I only (to bring) them in fifteen minutes ago!
3. I (not to apply) for a job with your company before.
4. I’m writing in connection with the advertisement which (to appear) on December 3.
5. The package (to arrive) safely yesterday?
6. We still hold meetings in the old house, which (to stand) on the same spot for over two hundred years.
Exercise 10. Use the Present Perfect or the Past Simple in questions in the following dialogue:
A: Are you a soldier by profession?
B: Yes.
A: How long you (to be) in the army?
B: Twenty-five years.
A: When you (to join) the army?
B: In 1932.
A: Where you (to serve) during the war?
B: First on the territory of the Ukraine, then in the Far East.
A: You (to see) much fighting in the Ukraine?
B: A good deal.
A: How long you (to remain) there?
B: For over a year.
A: Why you (to be) sent to the Far East?
B: I (to be) wounded.
A: What sort of wound it (to be)?
B: A bullet through the shoulder.
A: How many times you (to be) wounded during the war?
B: Three times.
A: They (to be) serious wounds?
B: Rather.
A: When you (to be) wounded last time?
B: In 1945.
Exercise 11. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:
|
1. У меня закончился бензин. Давай заедем на заправочную станцию.
2. Роберт всегда был моим хорошим другом. Это самая легкая работа, которую я когда-либо выполнял.
3. Я не был в этом городке целую вечность. Как все изменилось!
4. Я уже напечатал вашу статью. Возьмите, пожалуйста.
5. Он два года служил в армии, затем переехал в Минск и поступил в университет.
6. Когда ты закончил университет? И чем ты занимался все это время?
7. Сколько лет вы женаты? – Пять. Я женился сразу после окончания университета.
8. А где остальные чашки? – Я уже их вымыла.
9. Ты был когда-нибудь в Австрии? – Да, я был в Вене несколько раз.
B. Present Perfect Progressive
Настоящее совершенное длительное время
 |
Present Perfect Progressive образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в форме Present Perfect (have been, has been) и формы причастия настоящего времени (Present Participle) смыслового глагола: I have been walking, he has been walking, you have been walking.
| Утвердительная форма | Отрицательная форма | Вопросительная форма | Вопросительно-отрицательная форма |
| I have been walking He (she, it) has been walking We have been walking You have been walking They have been walking | I have not been walking He (she, it) has not been walking We have not been walking You have not been walking They have not been walking | Have I been walking? Has he (she, it) been walking? Have we been walking? Have you been walking? Have they been walking? | Have I not been walking? Has he (she, it) not been walking? Have we not been walking? Have you not been walking? Have they not been walking? |
