.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


5.




 

. . . .

: [1] . 67-89; [2] . 87-104; [3] . 38-57; [4] . 28-42; [5] . 95-103; [6] . 76-82; [7] . 22-36.

 

 

( I )

 

1. ={5, 7, 8, 9, 10} ={3, 4, 5, 6, 9}. R: 2 , Î, Î. R: ) ={(3, 5), (5, 7), (6, 8), (9, 10)}; ) ={(5, 3), (7, 5), (8, 6)}; ) R: =2+, Î, Î; ) ={(5, 3), (7, 4), (7, 5), (7, 6), (7, 3), (8, 4), (8, 3), (8, 5), (8, 6)}.

 

1. ={2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}, R: 4 , , Î. R:

 

)2 4 ) 2 4 ) 2 4 )2

12 6 12 4

12 6 6 6

10 8 12

10 8 10 8

10 8

 

2. , , Î, Î. , (, )Î: ) Ì; ) Ì; ) Ì´; ) (´)Ç=; ) (´)Ç= ´; ) (´)È=; ) (´)\=Æ

 

2. ={|ÎZ, 13££2} R: =2. :

) (-6, -3)ÎR; ) (-3, -6)ÎR; ) (-4, -2)ÎR;

) (-8, -4)ÏR; ) -12R-6; ) 2R1.

 

3. ={, , } ={, , , , }. R: , Î, Î. R:

) ={(, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, )};

 

) R

 

 

) ={(, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, )};

) ={(, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, )}.

 

3. ={ | ÎN, ≤6} :{(6, 6), (6, 3), (6, 2), (6, 1), (5, 5), (5, 1), (4, 4), (4, 2), (4, 1), (3, 3), (3, 1), (2, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1)}. :

) = {(, ) | , Î, ≥}; ) = {(, ) | , Î, =2};

) = {(, ) | , Î, }; ) = {(, ) | , Î, =, ÎN}.

 

4. , , Î, Î. , (, )Î:

) Î; ) Î; ) (, )δ; ) (, )Ì´;

) {(, )}Ì; ) (, )Î; ) {(, )}Ì´.

 

4. ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} S:{(, ) | =2, , Î}. S:

) )

 

-2 1

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

 

) )

 

0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4

-2

 

 

5. ={1, 2, 3, 4} ={2, 4, 6}. R: , Î, Î. :

) ={(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6), (4, 2), (4, 4), (4, 6)} R;

) (1, 2)δ; ) (1, 2)Î; ) (2, 2) Î;

) (4, 6)Î; ) (3, 4)Î; ) (3, 4)δ.

 

5. ={3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4} R: =+2. , :

) 1R3; ) 1R3; ) 3R1; ) R(1)= 1; ) R(4)=2; ) R(2)= 1.

 

0. ={1, 2, 3, 4} ={5, 6, 7}, R:

 
 

 


R:

) R={(, )| Î, Î, £4};

) R={(1, 5), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 7), (4, 5), (4, 6), (4, 7)};

) R={(1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7), (3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 7), (4, 5), (4, 6), (4, 7)}

: , .. , R={(1, 5), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 7), (4, 5), (4, 6), (4, 7)} ( ). , , £ 4, , R : R ={ (, )| Î, Î, £ 4} ( ).

0. ={, , , , } R: . :

) ={(, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, )} R;

) ={(, ), (, ), (, ), (, )} R;

) Ì2; ) R()=; ) R.

:

) ={(, ), (, ), (, ), (, )} R;

) R()=;

) R;

) Ì2.

 

( II )

 

1. ={4, 2, 6, 3, 5, -3, -8, -6, 0} : ) R: <; ) S: , , Î. .

 

1. R ={, , , } : ={(, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, )}. R? . R(a), R(), R(c), R(e), R-1(a), R-1(c).

 

2. ={2, 4, 6, 8}. . : ) : >; ) R: , , Î. .

 

2. Q . Q, . : Q(4), Q(-2), Q-1(1), Q-1(2).

 

-4 -3 -3 -3 -2 -2 -2 -1
               

 

3. ={2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10}. . :

) Q: , , Î.

) : , , , Î.

.

3. S ={-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3} ={(-2, 0), (-1, 1), (0, 2), (1, 3)}. S? . S(1), S(0), S(-1), S-1(2), S-1(3).

 

4. =3. , :

) ==R; ) =[-2, 2], =R; ) ={-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}, =Z.

 

4. , R. ? -1.

 

3

 

 
 


-2 0 1

 

5. >32, , : ) =R; ) =Z.

 

5. S, R. S? S-1(1), S-1(2).

 

3

 

 
 


-1 0 1

-2

 

0. ={|ÎN, ≤6} :

) R: ;

) Q: , , Î. .

:

={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

) 1 : R ={(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3)}; R ={(, )| , Î ; =2}.

2 . 3 :

       
 
   
 

 


R

 

4 :

2 4 6
1 2 3

 

) 1 : Q={(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1), (6, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6), (4, 2), (6, 2), (6, 3)}

Q={(, )| , Î ; = × ; ÎN}.

2 : 3 : :

       
 
   
 


0. :

 

                 
  -1     -1     -1  

 

R, . R(0), R(1), R-1(1), R-1(2).

:

R R

       
 
   
 


R(0) ={1, - 1, 2},

R(1) ={-1, 1, 2},

R-1(1) ={0, 1, 2},

R-1(2) ={0, 1}

={0, 1, 2}

={-1, 1, 2}

 

 

( III )

 

1. ={2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9} R: , , Î. R. , .

 

1. ={, , , d}

={(, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (d, d)};

R={(, ), (, ), (, ), (, ), (, d), (d, ), (, d), (d, )};

S={(, ), (, ), (, ), (d, d), (, ), (, ), (, d), (d, )}.

:

) ; ) ; ) .

 

2. R {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} , . . R. . , R. R-1 .

 

 

1

2 4

5 6

 

2. S . , ? .

 

3. ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} R: , , Î. R. .

 

3. ={2, 4, 6, 8} R:≤, , Î. R. . R , , ? ?

 

4. , {-3, -2, -1, 1, 2}. , . . . -1, .

3

2

1

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-2

 

4. , , ={3, 4, 5}, . : ) {(3, 3), (3, 4), (4, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5)}; ) {(3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 4)}. , .

 

5. ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} S: , , Î. R. .

5. ={0, 1, 2, 3}

S={(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (0, 1), (1, 2), (0, 2), (1, 0), (2, 1), (2, 0)}.

S . ?

0. ={|ÎN, ≤4} S: , , Î. S. .

: ={1, 2, 3, 4}. S={(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

S-1: -

       
 
   
 


S-1={(2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (3, 2), (4, 2), (4, 3)}

       
   
 
 

 


: - .

={(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (3, 2), (4, 2), (4, 3)}.

 

       
   
 

 


0. ={1, 3, 5, 7, 9} R: 2, , Î. R. . R , ? ? ?

: ={(3, 1), (5,3), (7, 5), (9, 7)} R.

 
 


R . .. , R , : , 2 . . R 1 3 .

R, , , .. , R , R (R Þ R) . .. 2, , 2. . R 1 3 .

 

 

( IV )

 

1. , . :

) ( );

) ( Z);

)

( ).

 

1. , . , ? ?

 

2. , . :

) ( );

) ( N);

)

( ).

 

2. l. , : l, l l? ?

 

3. , . :

) ( Q);

)

( );

) ( N).

 

3. , , ? .

 

4. :

) ;

) , ;

) 4 , .

. .

 

4. . : . .

 

5. :

) ;

) ;

) , .

. .

 

5. ? .

( V )

 

1. Z:

) ()M3; ) 2=2; ) ||<||.

 

1. , . . . , ?

 

 

2. Z:

) : =4; ) ||+||= 3; ) 3=3.

 

 

2. . d?

 

d

 

3. Z:

) ||+||≠4; ) ≠; ) (22) M4.

 

3. , . , . , , .

 
 

 

 


4. ? : ) =Z, (-) M3; ) =N, (+) M2; ) =Z, 2=2.

 

4. , . , , , ? ? , , .

 

) )

               
     
 
   


 

5. ? : ) =N, (-) M3; ) = N, () M3 () M3; ) =R, =2.

 

5. , . , t . t, : ) tÎN, ) tÎR.

8 5

 

 


2 t

 

 

1. . . / . . , . . , . . [ .] .: , 1977. 352 .

2. - . / . . , . . - [ .]; . . . . .: , 1977. 205 .

3. . . / . . . ̳: , 1993. 350 .

4. . . : . . . / . . . ̳: , 1994. 162 .

5. . . - / . . , . . . .: , 1985. 180 .

6. . . / . . . : , 2003. 164 .

7. . . : 2 . / . . , . . -, . . . .: , 1990. . 1. 173 .

 

 

 





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