, .. .
, , , . . , - .
, , , : ( ); ; .
L , , . , , :
I = L × E
I - , L - , - .
, , :
R - .
:
, , .
(), (S) (r):
R , :
: , 1/r =, .
(). :
L = ×
, S = 1 2 l = 1 , :
L =
- , 1 2, 1 . 1 3 . C (), , / .
, , , . , , ( 10 / )
|
|
(.2).
. , , . - , , .
. , .
.2. .
, , , .
, , .
:
Li+ Na+ K+ Rb+ Cs+
(U) , 1 1 . 2×-1×-1. 10-7 10-8 2×-1×-1 . (33,6×10-8) (18,7×10-8) , .
, , .. . (3+) 10-11. - - , -. - - .
, , - ( ) ( ):
= U F
= Ua F,
F = 96500 .
, , , . 10 .
10
( ∞) ()
, º | , º | ||||||||
+(2) | 225,0 | 315,0 | 349,7 | 637,0 | ⅓Se+++ | - | - | 64,7 | - |
Li+ | 19,1 | 33,4 | 38,7 | 120,0 | ⅓Ce+++ | - | - | 67,0 | - |
N+ | 25,9 | 43,5 | 50,1 | 150,0 | ⅓Cr+++ | - | - | 67,0 | - |
+ | 40,3 | 64,6 | 73,5 | 200,0 | ½Mn++ | 27,0 | 44,0 | 53,5 | - |
Rb+ | - | 67,5 | 77,5 | - | ½Fe++ | 28,0 | 44,0 | 53,5 | - |
Cs+ | 44,0 | 68,0 | 76,8 | 200,0 | ⅓Fe+++ | - | - | 68,0 | - |
NH4+ | 40,3 | 64,0 | 73,7 | 184,0 | ½Co++ | 28,0 | 45,0 | 54,0 | - |
½++ | - | - | 45,0 | - | ½Ni++ | 28,0 | 45,0 | 54,0 | - |
½Mg++ | 28,5 | 45,0 | 53,1 | 170,0 | ½Cu++ | 20,0 | 45,0 | 56,0 | - |
½Ca++ | 30,8 | 51,0 | 59,5 | 187,0 | Ag+ | 33,0 | 54,0 | 61,9 | 180,0 |
½Sr++ | 31,0 | 51,0 | 59,5 | - | ½Zn++ | 28,0 | 45,0 | 53,5 | - |
½++ | 33,6 | 55,0 | 63,7 | 200,0 | ½Cd++ | 28,0 | 45,0 | 54,0 | - |
½Ra++ | 33,0 | 56,6 | 66,8 | - | Tl+ | 43,0 | 66,0 | 74,9 | - |
⅓Al+++ | 29,0 | - | 63,0 | - | ½Rb++ | 38,0 | 60,0 | 70,0 | - |
|
|
, º | , º | ||||||||
OH- | 105,0 | 174,0 | 200,0 | 446,0 | ½SeO42- | - | 65,0 | 75,7 | - |
F- | - | 46,6 | 55,4 | - | N3- | - | - | 69,5 | - |
Cl- | 41,4 | 65,5 | 76,3 | 207,0 | NO2- | 44,0 | 59,0 | 72,0 | 189,0 |
ClO2- | - | - | 52,0 | - | NO3- | 40,2 | 61,7 | 71,4 | - |
ClO3- | 36,0 | 55,0 | 64,0 | 172,0 | NCO- | - | 54,8 | 64,6 | - |
ClO4- | 37,3 | 59,1 | 68,0 | 179,0 | PO4H2- | - | 28,0 | 36,0 | - |
Br- | 41,3 | 67,6 | 78,4 | - | ½PO4H2- | - | - | 57,0 | - |
BrO3- | 31,0 | 49,0 | 56,0 | 155,0 | AsO4H2- | - | - | 34,0 | - |
J- | 42,0 | 66,5 | 76,9 | - | CO3H- | - | - | 44,5 | - |
JO3- | 21,0 | 33,9 | 41,0 | 127,0 | ½ CO32- | 36,0 | 60,5 | 72,0 | - |
JO4- | - | 49,0 | 55,6 | - | CN- | - | - | 78,0 | - |
SH- | 40,0 | 57,0 | 65,0 | - | ½CrO42- | 42,0 | 72,0 | 85,0 | - |
SO3H- | 27,0 | - | 50,0 | - | MnO42- | 36,0 | 53,0 | 62,8 | - |
½ SO32- | - | - | 72,0 | - | HCOO- | - | 47,0 | - | - |
½ SO42- | 34,0 | 68,3 | 79,8 | 256,0 | CH3COO- | 20,0 | 34,0 | 41,0 | 130,0 |
½S2O82- | - | - | 86,0 | - | ½(C2O4)2- | 32,0 | 63,0 | - | - |
SCN- | 41,7 | 56,6 | 66,5 | - |
2 % . , , .. .
= 1 S = 1 2 ,
= Uk F + Ca Ua F = Ci ( k + a),
i - 1 3 , k a .
() 1 ,
1000 = i ( k + a)
.
(Ci) :
Ci = C a,
a - .
:
1000 = a ( k + a)
, :
a =
a 0 1. , , . , (NH4OH, 3) , , .
, , . , .
|
|
, , :
Ci = C f ,
f - , . f fa - . f 1 , . (£ 0.1) f 1. f =1. :
1000 = i f ( k + a)
, - , , .
λv , 1 (×) , , 1 . l (). , , l (v), (V = 1/), .. , 1 , - lv.
, :
λv = 1000 V
:
λv = 1000
lv - ×2/.
×2, 1 .
, l¥.
, 1 . , , .. , .
(a = 1), lv , l¥, , .
.3. .
3 , . , . . , (l¥).
. , .
|
|
:
l¥ =
, . ( ) .
2 - 2,5 % .
, :
1000 = a ( k + a) α = 1000 /( k + a),
1000 / = λv, ( k + a) = l¥,
α = λv / l¥ ( )
:
f = 1000 /( k + a)= λv / l¥
. , . . , :
.