d, , .
, , .
, (.2.4). , . - 1 ,
= / . (2.14)
d ( ). , 1 , . , d (.2.4). , , .
.2.4
1 :
= n0V,
n0 , V , V = πd2
,
= n0 π d2
= πd2n0 (2.15)
(2.14) :
(2.16)
, d n0. . d ~ 10-10, ~500 /, n0 = 31025 -3, 3109 1 7 10- 8 ~105 . (. 2.8) .
: ( ), ( ), ( ). .
: m, ΔS Δt, , dρ/dx
, (2.17)
().
: Q, ΔS Δt, dT/dx
Q (2.18)
λ . v , V = const.
.
, , ( 2.17, 2.18).