. .
( ) . , - . , 1930 . () (Equus asinus) (Ovis canadensis) (Laycock, 1974*).
, , (, Gould, Eldredge, 1977*). (1859)* (, , 1934; Park, 1948; Wright, 1956; Grant, 1963; Lewontin, 1970*). , .
, . , . , , . 15.
. , , , . (Cams familiaris dingo) (Thylacinus) .
Paramecium, Tribolium (Park, 1948) . (1934)* P. aurelia P. caudatum , Bacillus pyocyaneus, : . Paramecium aurelia . caudatum. , , . , Bacillus, P. caudatum P. aurelia. , Paramecium , ,
, , . , , . , . , 98% 8 , . 8 , , , (Wright, 1956*).