, - , . . , : , , , . . , , , .
. ( , ) . , , . , , .
, , . ε :
, (6.78)
, 2; w0 (), , /; v , /.
, 10-20 % .
ϳ . , , , , , .
ε ( %):
:
(6.79)
(6.80)
w0 ( ), /; v , /; l , ( , ; R , ; δ ( ), .
w ( /):
|
|
d ≥1 :
(6.81)
d ≤1 6
(6.82)
, /; d , ; μ ' , ; -̳ ( , 0,8151,63; λ , ; λ = 10-7 ).
, (6.83)
; , ; β , .
, , , , , .
, , , , τ. :
τ , .
, , . :
(6.85)
d= 250 :
(6.86)
- . ( 2) :
(6.87)
, .
( %) :
,
f , 2/3.
- :
(6.88)
F , 2; V , , 3/.
. . , . , . :
,
1 2 ( 0 0,4 /2);
F , 2.
():
(6.89)
U , ; ( =1,21,51); cos φ (0,8-0,9); η ; ΣNi , , .
|
|
15. ϳ , , , 120, 540 , ᒺ 60 000 3/, 99,8 %.
540 . 30104 /, :
v= 1 /.
, 5 , 4 . 150 , 1508,5 . :
.
:
2.
-1-12-6-5-2 (1 , 12 , 6 , ; 5 ; 2 ) 19,8 2 952 2.
:
2/3.
:
%.
, .
. 0,5-1 /. , :
.
, , .
:
1. y :
, (6.90)
v, h, m , , , 1 /, 8 1/2.
11,3 / [3.4]. . , . ij . 6.14.
2. 6.16-6.18. , f 0,9. f =1 , , .
6.16
ʳ | , / | , /3 | , . | ||
- | |||||
1-20, 1-30, 1-40 | |||||
( ) | |||||
- | |||||
1-40-3 | - | ||||
- | - | ||||
2-2-37 | - | 60-120 | |||
- | |||||
- | - | ||||
- | - |
|
|
6.17 f=0,9
/σ | 1,0 | 1,25 | 1,50 | 1,75 | 2,0 |
1,970 | 1,824 | 1,710 | 1,605 | 1,514 | |
0,05 | 2,080 | 1,97 | 1,850 | 1,73 0 | 1,660 |
0,10 | 2,160 | 2,060 | 1,97 0 | 1,86 5 | 1,774 |
0,15 | 2,235 | 2,140 | 2,055 | 1,97 0 | 1,870 |
0,20 | 2,29 9 | 2,210 | 2,129 | 2,07 8 | 1,990 |
0,25 | 2,34 0 | 2,265 | 2,185 | 2,12 5 | 2,055 |
0,30 | 2,37 0 | 2,305 | 2,23 0 | 2,18 5 | 2,120 |
0,35 | 2,40 0 | 2,340 | 2,275 | 2,22 5 | 2,185 |
0,40 | 2,425 | 2,374 | 2,31 5 | 2,26 0 | 2,234 |
0,50 | 2,465 | 2,420 | 2,37 0 | 2,325 | 2,300 |
0,60 | 2,495 | 2,450 | 2,415 | 2,385 | 2,360 |
0,70 | 2,51 5 | 2,487 | 2,450 | 2,42 0 | 2,330 |
0,80 | 2,530 | 2,516 | 2,480 | 2,44 5 | 2,416 |
. 6.17
/σ | 2,50 | 3,0 | 3,50 | 4,0 | 4,50 | 5,0 |
1,330 | 1,200 | 1,078 | 0,986 | 0,900 | 0,843 | |
0,05 | 1,480 | 1,366 | 1,280 | 1,206 | 1,15 0 | 1,114 |
0,10 | 1,620 | 1,520 | 1,45 0 | 1,394 | 1,360 | 1,329 |
0,15 | 1,74 5 | 1,635 | 1,58 5 | 1,542 | 1,48 5 | 1,475 |
0,20 | 1,88 5 | 1,800 | 1,73 0 | 1,663 | 1,62 5 | 1,586 |
0,25 | 1,95 0 | 1,878 | 1,82 5 | 1,750 | 1,71 5 | 1,690 |
0,30 | 2,02 5 | 1,965 | 1,91 0 | 1,850 | 1,82 5 | 1,800 |
0,35 | 2,095 | 2,045 | 1,990 | 1,940 | 1,905 | 1,880 |
0,40 | 2,170 | 2,120 | 2,050 | 2,020 | 1,97 5 | 1,946 |
0,50 | 2,250 | 2,200 | 2,16 0 | 2,130 | 2,09 0 | 2,060 |
0,60 | 2,29 0 | 2,260 | 2,24 0 | 2,210 | 2,19 0 | 2,160 |
0,70 | 2,33 0 | 2,290 | 2,260 | 2,230 | 2,1% | 2,170 |
0,80 | 2,37 0 | 2,313 | 2,27 0 | 2,243 | 2,20 0 | 2,177 |
6.18 f=1
/σ | 3,45 0 | 3,275 | 3,100 | 2,920 | 2,650 |
0,05 | 3,710 | 3,55 6 | 3,400 | 3,225 | 2,950 |
0,10 | 3,985 | 3,81 0 | 3,625 | 3,475 | 3,250 |
0,15 | 4,185 | 4,02 5 | 3,835 | 3,690 | 3,470 |
0,20 | 4,375 | 4,210 | 4,040 | 3,880 | 3,690 |
0,25 | 4,43 5 | 4,37 5 | 4,200 | 4,040 | 3,865 |
0,30 | 4,690 | 4,540 | 4,380 | 4,205 | 4,035 |
0,35 | 4,825 | 4,670 | 4,500 | 4,345 | 4,195 |
0,40 | 4,945 | 4,790 | 4,635 | 4,480 | 4,340 |
0,45 | 5,040 | 4,900 | 4,750 | 4,590 | 4,470 |
0,50 | 5,120 | 4,97 5 | 4,840 | 4,685 | 4,595 |
0,55 | 5,190 | 5,055 | 4,935 | 4,805 | 4,700 |
0,60 | 5,24 0 | 5,125 | 5,005 | 4,890 | 4,790 |
0,65 | 5,29 0 | 5,180 | 5,07 0 | 4,955 | 4,865 |
0,70 | 5,330 | 5,23 0 | 5,125 | 5,020 | 4,930 |
0,75 | 5,365 | 5,27 0 | 5,180 | 5,075 | 4,970 |
0,80 | 5,400 | 5,300 | 5,220 | 5,120 | 5,000 |
. 6.18
/σ | 2,0 | 2,25 | 2,5 | 3,0 | 3,5 | 4,0 | 4,5 |
2,400 | 2,200 | 1,95 0 | 1,690 | 1,450 | 1,269 | 1,165 | |
0,05 | 2,744 | 2,620 | 2,430 | 2,20 0 | 1,995 | 1,840 | 1,730 |
0,10 | 3,08 6 | 2,91 5 | 2,800 | 2,541 | 2,350 | 2,200 | 2,070 |
0,15 | 3,30 0 | 3,140 | 3,030 | 2,900 | 2,610 | 2,470 | 2,330 |
0,20 | 3,48 6 | 3,35 0 | 3,225 | 3,023 | 2,840 | 2,697 | 2,590 |
0,25 | 3,670 | 3,555 | 3,430 | 3,24 0 | 3,02 5 | 2,897 | 2,800 |
0,30 | 3,87 0 | 3,725 | 3,515 | 3,435 | 3,225 | 3,090 | 2,980 |
0,35 | 4,02 5 | 3,895 | 3,790 | 3,61 0 | 3,41 0 | 3,285 | 3,165 |
0,40 | 4,180 | 4,050 | 3,933 | 3,741 | 3,56 0 | 3,460 | 3,330 |
0,45 | 4,32 5 | 4,195 | 4,055 | 3,880 | 3,70 0 | 3,590 | 3,485 |
0,50 | 4,440 | 4,320 | 4,215 | 4,000 | 3,83 0 | 3,700 | 3,61 0 |
0,55 | 4,560 | 4,44 5 | 4,325 | 4,125 | 3,95 0 | 3,830 | 3,72 0 |
0,60 | 4,665 | 4,540 | 4,430 | 4,225 | 4,045 | 3,930 | 3,825 |
0,65 | 4,750 | 4,630 | 4,525 | 4,330 | 4,14 2 | 4,045 | 3,930 |
0,70 | 4,815 | 4,70 0 | 4,610 | 4,420 | 4,230 | 4,130 | 4,015 |
0,75 | 4,880 | 4,760 | 4,660 | 4,500 | 4,290 | 4,170 | 4,070 |
k, :
|
|
, (6.91)
, ; dm , ; .
, , (, , , ), . , , :
, /, (6.92)
U , ; D1,D2 ; δ :
, .
U , , , . 4050, 3040.
3. β :
, (6.93)
ε0 ; l ; δ ; k , k=0,93.
k 0,85 1,0 .
ε , :
, (6.94)
20%.
16. - . ʳ V= 5 3/, C=4,1 /3, t=140, 6,48∙10-6 .
2-2-4-37 , . : 2, 4 , 37 2. 2256 2 12,6×9,55×14,84 [3,4]. 1 /, 130-250, 7 /3, 3 , 200 . 98 %.
, - . 7 200 , 300 . . 6.16.
, , . 4,1 /3, 5 3/, . 140 . , 130. , , .
1. :
/.
m , 2256 2 4 (14 400 ) 5 3/, 4,1 /3 98 %:
|
|
/2.
:
.
:
.
2. , (. 6.14): D1 =0,3 , b=0,03 ; δ=0,015 .
U=50 :
·.
. ³ :
,
:
.
6.14
1 - ; 2 .
ϳ k =143+273=413 ,
=101 325-3 000=98 325 dm=1,110-6 :
.
f =0,9. 6.17 σ=1,7 k, , =2,482.
3. 2-2-4-37 20 ( 6000 , 300 )
β:
.
4. :
.
, , . ³ (2,64%) (2%) 28 %.