, , , , . -, - - , -, -, -, -, -, -, -, - - .
1. , .
HCl , :
Men+ + nCl = ↓MeCln
: [PbCl3], [PbCl4]2, [AgCl2], [HgCl2].
, , . .
, , , ().
:
↓AgCl + 2NH3 = [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl.
:
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 2H+ + Cl = 2 NH4+ + ↓AgCl,
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + J = ↓AgJ + 2 NH3 (-).
Hg2Cl2 ( = ). Hg22+ :
Hg2Cl2 + 2 NH3(-) = ↓HgNH2Cl + ↓Hg0 + NH4+ + Cl .
(II) HgNH2Cl .
. Pb2+, Ag+, Hg22+ 1,5- . . . II . 2 : HNO3 , KJ. ? . .
2. .
II :
Men+ + nOH = ↓Me(OH)n.
AgOH Hg2(OH)2 :
2AgOH = Ag2O + H2O,
Hg2(OH)2 = Hg2O + H2O.
Pb(OH)2 .
↓Pb(OH) 2 + 2H+ = Pb2+ + 2 H2O,
↓Pb(OH) 2 + 2OH = [Pb(OH)4]2.
Ag2O , [Ag(NH3)2]+. Hg2O .
. II NaOH. . .
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3. .
NH3+H2O :
Pb2+ + 2 NH3 + 2 H2O = ↓Pb(OH) 2 + 2NH4+,
2 Hg22+ + NH3 + NO3 + H2O = ↓[Hg2ONH2] NO3 + ↓2Hg + 2OH .
:
2 Ag+ + 2NH3 + H2O = ↓Ag 2O + 2 NH4+,
.
. II . .
4. .
K2CrO4 II :
2Men+ + nCrO4 2 = Me2(CrO4)n.
PbCrO4 , :
↓PbCrO4 + 4OH = [Pb(OH)4]2 + CrO42
Hg2CrO4 , .
Ag2CrO4 - , .
. II , . HNO3, NaOH, NH3+H2O.
.
5. .
KJ II . PbJ 2 - , . AgJ - , Hg2J 2 - , .
. Pb2+, Ag+, Hg22+, . PbJ 2 3, . . . . .
6. .
- II , . PbCO3 Ag2CO3 , Hg 2CO3 . , , NH3 (NH4) 23:
Ag2CO3 + 4 NH4+ + 2CO3 = 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 2CO2↑ + 2H2O.
. Pb2+, Ag+, Hg22+, , , HNO3, NH3.
.
1. .
Pb2+ :
Pb2+ + SO4 2 = ↓PbSO4.
C Ag+ Hg22+ . PbSO4 :
↓PbSO4 + 4OH = [Pb(OH)4]2 + SO42 .
:
2↓PbSO4 + 2CH3COO = Pb(CH3COO) 2 PbSO4 + SO4 2.
PbSO4 SO42 HSO4 .
. 5-6 Pb2+, Ag+, Hg22+ 8-10 H 2SO4. ? NaOH, CH3COONH4, . II . .
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(HCl, KJ); , - PbJ2.
1. .
, Hg22+ Pb2+ Ag+. .
2. [Hg2]2 .
) (II) (I) Hg2Cl2, [Hg2]2+ :
[Hg2]2+ + 2Cl = ↓Hg2Cl2,
↓Hg2Cl2 + H2[SnCl4] = 2Hg↓ + H2[SnCl6].
. Hg2(NO3)2 2-3 SnCl2. .
) (I) :
Hg22+ + Cu = Cu2+ + 2Hg↓.
. Hg2(NO3)2 . 2-3 . ?
1. [Ag(NH3)2]+:
↓AgCl + 2NH3 = [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl.