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:

































 

 

 

 


. 1




.1.1 - .1.

 

.1

 

, %
3 g( 3)2
95 - 100 75 - 95 50 - 75 25 - 50 5 - 25 0 - 5 0 - 5 5 - 25 25 - 50 50 - 75 75 - 90 95 - 100

 

.1.2 - .2.

 

.2

, % , %
() 95 - 100 0 - 5
() () () () 75 - 95 5 - 25
(, , ) () 50 - 75 25 - 50
() (, , ) 25 - 50 50 - 75
() (, , ) 5 - 25 75 - 95
(, , ) 0 - 5 95 - 100

 

.1.3 - .3.

 

.3

, %
- 3, % g(3)2, %
0 - 5 95 - 100 95 - 100
5 - 25 75 - 95 75 - 95
25 - 50 50 - 75 50 - 75
50 - 75 25 - 50 25 - 50
75 - 95 5 - 25 5 - 25
95 - 100 0 - 5 0 - 5

 

.2

 

.2.1 .4.

 

.4

,
≤ 5 5 < E ≤ 10 10 < E ≤ 50 E > 50

 

.2.2 u .5.

 

.5

u,
u ≤ 10 10 < u ≤ 20 20 < u ≤ 40 40 < u ≤ 75 75 < u ≤ 150 150 < u ≤ 300 u > 300

 

.2.3 St .6.

 

.6

St, ..
St ~ 1 1 < St ≤ 2 2 < St ≤ 4 4 < St ≤ 8 St > 8

 

.2.4 () L [6] .7.

 

.7

() L,
L ≤ 5 5 < L ≤ 10 10 < L ≤ 25 L >25

 

.2.5 Ir .8.

 

.8

Ir, ..
0,03 < Ir ≤ 0,07 0,10 < Ir ≤ 0,30
0,07 < Ir ≤ 0,10 0,30 < Ir ≤ 0,50
Ir > 0,10 Ir > 0,50

 

.2.6 FL [7] :

- FL ≤ 1,15;

- FL > 1,15.

 

.2.7 h [5] .9.

 

.9

h,
h ≤ 1,0 1,0 < h ≤2,5 h > 2,5

 

()

 

 

 

.1 , , .1.1 - .1.3.

.1.1 .1.

 

.1

, % l / a
    < 0,1   < 1,0 . - ,
:   0,1≤ ≤ 0,5 0,5 < ≤ 1,5 1,5< ≤ 3   1,0 - 1,5 1,5 - 2,5 2,5 - 4,0 .
    > 3   > 4,0 . .

 

- l/a, l - , a - . , (, ..) l a.

.1.2 .2.

 

.2

-
- ,
- , .
-

 

- , .4 (. ).

 

.1.3. .3.

 

.3

vp. / vp. , ..
0,6 0,6 0,3 0,3 0,1 0,1 0, 03 0,03.

: vp. --- ; vp. - .

 

.2 RQD .4.

 

.4

RQD, %
RQD > 90 90 ≥ RQD ≥ 75 75 > RQD ≥ 50 50 > RQD ≥ 25 RQD < 25

 

.3 , , .3.1 .3.2.

.3.1 .5:

 

.5

,
> 80 80 20 < 20

 

.3.2 :

- () - , ;

- - , , ;

- - , , ;

- - , , ;

- - ( ), , , ( ).

.4 , , , , .4.1 - .4.5.

.4.1 .6.

 

.6

≥ 80 80> ≥ 60 60> ≥ 30 30 > ≥ 10 < 10

 

- (, ) - .

 

.4.2 b .7.

 

.7

b,
- b ≥ 10 10 > b ≥ 1 1> b ≥ 0,1 0,1> b ≥ 0,01 b < 0,01

 

.4.3 l .8.

 

.8

l,
l ≥ 100 100 > l ≥ 10 10 > l ≥ 1 1> l ≥ 0,1 l < 0,1

 

.4.4 .9.

 

.9

,

 

.4.5 .10.

 

.10

 

5
5 30 ,
30

 

- , ( ) , , ,

1,0 . - .

 

.5 .11.

 

.11

( )
- ,

 

- .

.6 .12.

 

.12

,
> 20 000 20 000 10 000 > 10 000 5 000 > 5 000 2 000 < 2 000

 

.7 .7 (. ).

 

()

 

 

, ,

 

.1 Very coarse soils ( ) - , 63 .

.2 Coarse-grained soils ( ) - , 50 % 0,063 ( [1]) 0,075 ( [2]).

.3 Fine-grained soils ( ) - , 50 % 0,063 ( [1]) 0,075 ( [2]).

.4 Liquid limit ( ), wL [3], LL [4] - [3] - , [4] .

.5 Liquid limit oven dried ( ), LL O - = 105 .

.6 Liquid limit non dried ( ), LLN - .

.7 Plastic limit ( ), wP [3], PL [4] - , 5180 .

.8 Plasticity index ( ) PI [4], - .1, IP [3] - , (. .31 ).

PI = LL - PL; (.1)

.9 Liquidity index ( ) IL [1] - , (. .18 ).

.10 Consistency index ( ) Ic [1] -

(.2)

.11 Plasticity Chart ( ) - PI - LL, , (. .2).

.12 Uniformity coefficient ( ), Cu - , (. .25 ).

Cu .

.13 Coefficient of curvature ( ), CC - (. .1).

, (.3)

d 60, d 30, d 10 - , 60, 30 10% ( ) .

.14 Well graded soil ( ), W - , Cu C.

.15 Poorly graded soil ( ), P - , Cu C.

.16 Flow chart ( ) - -, .

 

()

 

 

, , 14688-2:2004 [1] D 2487-2000 [2]

 

.1

.1.1 , [1] [2] , , (. .1).

.1.2 ISO 14688 ASTM D 2487 .1.

.1.3 [1] [2] (. . .2), ( 0,063 0,075 ).

.1.4 [1] [2] , 5180 [3] [4], (. .3).

.1.5 - ( ) ( = 105 ).

.1.6 .

 

.1 - , [1] [2]

 

,             76,2             6,3 4,75    
                                   
, , ,
                                   
[1] Large boulders Boulders Cobbles Coarse gravel Medium gravel Fine gravel
                                   
[2] Boulders Cobbles Gravel Sand
coarse fine coarse

 

.1

 

, 0,63 0,5 0,425 0,25 0,2 0,1 0,075 0,063 0,05 0,02 0,0063 0,005 0,002 < 0,002
                             
                             
[1] Sand Silt Clay
coarse medium fine coarse medium fine
                             
[2] Sand Silt Clay
medium fine

 

.2 ,

.2.1 , , , (. .1), (. . .1).

.2.2 , [2] : 300, 76.2, 19, 4.75, 0.425 0.075 ; [1] - 630, 200, 63, 20, 6.3, 0.63, 0.2 0.063 ; - 800, 400, 200, 100, 60, 40, 20, 10, 4, 0.5, 0.25, 0.1, 0.05 . d 60, d 30 d 10.

 

. .1

 

.2.3 , [1] [2] .

.2.4 , .3.

.2.5 , [2] - (Flow Charts), .

.2.6 [1] . . ( ) , . . . . : sandy medium gravel (saMGr), fine gravelly, coarse sandy silt (fgrcsaSi).

.2.7 , [1] [2], .2 .3.

.2 - , [1]

 

25100   [1]
 
       
()   Boulders, sandy boulders, silty boulders, clayey boulders Bo, saBo, siBo, clBo
 
()   Sandy boulders, silty sandy boulders, clayey sandy boulders saBo, sisaBo, clsaBo
 
() (, )   Silty boulders, clayey boulders, sandy silty boulders, sandy clayey boulders siBo, clBo, sasiBo, saclBo
 
       
()   Cobbles, sandy cobbles, silty cobbles, clayey cobbles; Coarse (medium) gravel, sandy coarse (medium) gravel, silty coarse (medium) gravel, clayey coarse (medium) gravel Co, saCo, siCo, clCo; CGr (MGr), saCGr (MGr), siCGr (MGr), clCGr (MGr)
 
()   Sandy cobbles, silty sandy cobbles, clayey sandy cobbles; Sandy coarse (medium) gravel, silty sandy coarse (medium) gravel, clayey sandy coarse (medium) gravel saCo, sisaCo, clsaCo; saCGr (MGr), sisaCGr (MGr), clsaCGr (MGr)
 
() (, )   Silty cobbles, clayey cobbles, sandy silty cobbles, sandy clayey cobbles; Silty coarse (medium) gravel, clayey coarse (medium) gravel, sandy silty coarse (medium) gravel, sandy clayey coarse (medium) gravel siCo, clCo, sasiCo, saclCo; siCGr (MGr), clCGr (MGr), sasiCGr (MGr), saclCGr (MGr)
 
       
()   Medium (fine) gravel, sandy medium (fine) gravel, silty medium (fine) gravel, clayey medium (fine) gravel MGr (FGr), saMGr (FGr), siMGr (FGr), clMGr (FGr)
 
()   Sandy medium (fine) gravel, silty sandy medium (fine) gravel, clayey sandy medium (fine) gravel saMGr (FGr), sisaMGr (FGr), clsaMGr (FGr)
 
() (, )   Silty medium (fine) gravel, clayey medium (fine) gravel, sandy silty medium (fine) gravel, sandy clayey medium (fine) gravel siMGr (FGr), clMGr (FGr), sasiMGr (FGr), saclMGr (FGr)
 

 

.3 - , [2]

 

25100   [2]*
 
       
()   Boulders (cobbles); boulders (cobbles) with sand G
 
  Boulders (cobbles) with silt; boulders (cobbles) with silt and sand G - GM
 
  Boulders (cobbles) with clay; boulders (cobbles) with clay and sand G - GC
 
  Silty boulders (cobbles); silty boulders (cobbles) with sand GM
 
  Clayey boulders (cobbles); clayey boulders (cobbles) with sand GC
 
       
()   Boulders (cobbles) with silt; boulders (cobbles) with silt and sand G - GM
 
  Boulders (cobbles) with clay; boulders (cobbles) with clay and sand G - GC
 
  Silty boulders (cobbles); silty boulders (cobbles) with sand GM
 
  Clayey boulders (cobbles); clayey boulders (cobbles) with sand GC
 
       
() (, )   Silty boulders (cobbles); silty boulders (cobbles) with sand GM
 
  Clayey boulders (cobbles); clayey boulders (cobbles) with sand GC
 
       
()   Cobbles (coarse, fine gravel); cobbles (coarse, fine gravel) with sand G
 
  Cobbles (coarse, fine gravel) with silt; cobbles (coarse, fine gravel) with silt and sand G - GM
 
  Cobbles (coarse, fine gravel) with clay; cobbles (coarse, fine gravel) with clay and sand G - GC
 
  Silty cobbles (coarse, fine gravel); silty cobbles (coarse, fine gravel) with sand GM
 
  Clayey cobbles (coarse, fine gravel); clayey cobbles (coarse, fine gravel) with sand GC
 
       
()   Cobbles (coarse, fine gravel) with silt; cobbles (coarse, fine gravel) with silt and sand G - GM
 
  Cobbles (coarse, fine gravel) with clay; cobbles (coarse, fine gravel) with clay and sand G - GC
 
  Silty cobbles (coarse, fine gravel); silty cobbles (coarse, fine gravel) with sand GM
 
  Clayey cobbles (coarse, fine gravel); clayey cobbles (coarse, fine gravel) with sand GC
 
  .3  
25100   [2]
 
() (, )   Silty cobbles (coarse, fine gravel); silty cobbles (coarse, fine gravel) with sand GM
 
  Clayey cobbles (coarse, fine gravel); clayey cobbles (coarse, fine gravel) with sand GC
 
       
()   Fine gravel (coarse sand); fine gravel (coarse sand) with sand G
 
  Fine gravel (coarse sand) with silt; fine gravel (coarse sand) with silt and sand G - GM
 
  Fine gravel (coarse sand) with clay; fine gravel (coarse sand) with clay and sand G - GC
 
  Silty fine gravel (coarse sand); silty fine gravel (coarse sand) with sand GM
 
  Clayey fine gravel (coarse sand); clayey fine gravel (coarse sand) with sand GC
 
       
()   Fine gravel (coarse sand) with silt; fine gravel (coarse sand) with silt and sand G - GM
 
  Fine gravel (coarse sand) with clay; fine gravel (coarse sand) with clay and sand G - GC
 
  Silty fine gravel (coarse sand); silty fine gravel (coarse sand) with sand GM
 
  Clayey fine gravel (coarse sand); clayey fine gravel (coarse sand) with sand GC
 
       
() (, )   Silty fine gravel (coarse sand); silty fine gravel (coarse sand) with sand GM
 
  Clayey fine gravel (coarse sand); clayey fine gravel (coarse sand) with sand GC
 

 

* Cu C () well graded (W) poorly graded (P).

.2.8 , 25100 [1] [2], .4 .5.

 

.4 - , 25100 [1]

 

25100   [1]
 
       
  Gravel; bouldery, cobble, sandy, silty, clayey gravel Gr, boGr, coCg, saGr, siGr, clGr
 
       
  Coarse (medium) sand; bouldery, cobble, gravely, silty, clayey coarse (medium) sand CSa(MSa), boCSa(MSa), coCSa(MSa), grCSa(MSa), siCSa(MSa), clCSa(MSa)
 
       
  Medium sand; bouldery, cobble, gravely, silty, clayey medium sand MSa, boMSa, coMSa, grMSa, siMSa, clMSa
 
       
  Medium (fine) sand; bouldery, cobble, gravely, silty, clayey medium (fine) sand MSa(FSa), boMSa(FSa), coMSa(FSa), grMSa(FSa), siMSa(FSa), clMSa(FSa)
 
       
  Fine sand; bouldery, cobble, gravely, silty, clayey fine sand; coarse silt FSa, boFSa, coFSa, grFSa, siFSa, clFSa, CSi
 

 

.5 - , 25100 [2]

 

25100   [2]*
 
       
  Gravel, gravel with sand G
 
  Gravel with silt, gravel with silt and sand G - GM
 
  Gravel with clay, gravel with clay and sand G - GC
 
  Silty gravel, silty gravel with sand GM
 
  Clayey gravel, clayey gravel with sand GC
 
  Sand, sand with gravel S
 
  Sand with silt, sand with silt and gravel S - SM
 
  Sand with clay, sand with clay and gravel S - SC
 
  Silty sand, silty sand with gravel MS
 
  Clayey sand, clayey sand with gravel CS
 
       
  Medium sand, medium sand with gravel S
 
  Medium sand with silt, medium sand with silt and gravel S - SM
 
  Medium sand with clay, medium sand with clay and gravel S - SC
 
  Silty medium sand, silty medium sand with gravel MS
 
  Clayey medium sand, clayey medium sand with gravel CS
 
       
  Medium (fine) sand, medium (fine) sand with gravel S
 
  Medium (fine) sand with silt, medium (fine) sand with silt and gravel S - SM
 
  Medium (fine) sand with clay, medium (fine) sand with clay and gravel S - SC
 
  Silty medium (fine) sand, silty medium (fine) sand with gravel MS
 
  Clayey medium (fine) sand, clayey medium (fine) sand with gravel CS
 
  Fine sand, fine sand with gravel S
 
  Fine sand with silt, fine sand with silt and gravel S - SM
 
  Fine sand with clay, fine sand with clay and gravel S - SC
 
  Silty fine sand, silty fine sand with gravel MS
 
  Clayey fine sand, clayey fine sand with gravel CS
 
       
  Fine sand, fine sand with gravel S
 
  Fine sand with silt, fine sand with silt and gravel S - SM
 
  Fine sand with clay, fine sand with clay and gravel S - SC
 
  Silty fine sand, silty fine sand with gravel MS
 
  Clayey fine sand, clayey fine sand with gravel CS
 
  Silt ML
 

 

* Cu C () well graded (W) poorly graded (P).

 





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