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In a randomised controlled trial, twelve matched pairs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease received traditional Chinese acupuncture or placebo acupuncture. After three weeks treatment the traditional acupuncture group showed significantly greater benefit in terms of subjective scores of breathlessness and six-minute walking distance. Objective measures of lung function were unchanged in either group. Whether those differences are mediated by endogenous opiate and/or peptide release remains speculative.
(twelve, three, six), (either, those), to be (were, are). , pairs, group , matched pairs of patients, traditional acupuncture group, - () , .
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: Chinese acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, breathlessness, endogenous opiate, peptide release. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, disease.
lung function - + .
, .. , :
randomised controlled trial ;
matched pairs ;
objective measures ;
subjective scores , ;
remains speculative .
, , .
, , , . , , , , , , , , , . ., - . , , , , , , , : to conclude, conclusion, to analyze, analysis, to characterize, characteristics .. , , , (to assume, assumption, to postulate, to propose, to suggest, suggestion .). , , (to observe, observation, to identify, to assess, assessment .).
(, to confirm, to indicate, to obtain .), , (, to associate, associations, to compare, comparison, to corroborate, to postulate, to receive .).
5.3. :
, , , :
| caries | are | formation |
Most dental disorders arise directly or indirectly from two basic diseases of the teeth and their supporting tissues - caries and periodontal disease. Prevention of dental disease therefore entails elimination of food stagnation, as this is the primary cause of caries and periodontal disease. Food stagnation causes plaque formation; which in turn leads to acid production in the case of caries; and to bacterial irritation and calculus in periodontal disease. The methods of prevention are oral hygiene, which is the patients responsibility; preventive dentistry which is the dental surgeon's contribution; dental health education and increasing the resistance of teeth to disease which are public health measures.
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Oral hygiene consists simply of keeping the teeth free of food derbis, thus preventing plaque formation which leads to dental disease. It can be achieved by cleaning the teeth regularly after meals and not eating between meals. Cleaning is best performed by brushing as this is the only way of removing plaque. If brushing is not possible, food debris can be removed by finishing the meal with a detergent food. Such foods are raw, firm, fibrous fruits or vegetables, e.g. apples, pears, carrots, celery, etc. Because of their tough fibrous consistency they require much chewing and thereby clean the teeth of food remnants. Even a plain water mouth rinse is better than nothing
5.4. :
:
1. What is your name? he asked me.
- He asked me what was my name.
2. Will you give me a lift to work? she asked him.
- She asked him if he would give her a lift to work.
3. John asked Sam, Do you like computer games?
- John asked Sam if he liked computer games.
4. When will you do your homework? my father asked me.
- My father asked me when I would do my homework.
5. I asked my friend, How do you feel after your holiday?
- I asked my friend how he felt after his holiday.
6. Jacks father asked him, Who are you writing a letter to?
7. - Jacks father asked him who he was writing a letter to?
8. Wheres the post office? they asked us.
- They asked us where the post office was.
9. The boss asked, What time are you going home today?
- The boss asked me what time I was going home.
10. Will you take the children to school today, he asked.
- He asked if I would take the children to school that day.
11. When will you decorate the kitchen? Martha asked.
- Martha asked when I would decorate the kitchen.
12. Where is the tourist information centre? we asked.
- We asked where the tourist information centre was.
13. Our mother asked, Who broke my favourite vase?
- Our mother asked who had broken her favourite vase.
14. Will you help me lift these boxes, please? he asked us.
- He asked us if we would help him lift those boxes.
15. Are you happy with your life? Simon asked me.
- Simon asked me if I was happy with my life.
16. Have you met any famous people? he asked me.
- he asked me if I had met any famous people.
, refer:
| To refer to | 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. , |
| To refer to as | |
| reference | 1. , ; 2. ; 3. , ; 4. ; 5. |
| references | |
| referral | 1. ()* ( , ); 2. |
* () an appointment card
1. The supporting tissues of the teeth are referred to as Periodontium.
2. The majority of patients were referred to us with periodontal disease.
3. Many patients referred to our clinic had already been seen at other institutions.
4. The received information refers to this most wide-spread disease.
5. References are usually placed at the end of the book.
6. I thanked the doctor for the referral to Professor T.
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7. The new textbook has a lot of reference materials.
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Alex wanted to go to an art college. He was interviewed by one of the lecturers. A year later his friend Charlie asked him about the interview, as he wanted to go to the same college. Complete Alexs answers.
Charlie: So, Alex, what was the interview like?
Alex: Well, the interviewer started by asking me when I (leave) school. And then he wanted to know where I (be) since then. I told him I (have) several jobs. First I (work) in a café for about a year because I (need ) to save a lot of money for travelling. Of course he asked me where I (want) to go and when I told him, he asked whether I (visit) all those places. I explained to him that I (be) to Brazil and Peru, and I (spend) some months in Turkey. He told me I (be) very lucky. Then he asked if I (bring) some work to show him and he looked at my work. He liked it, I think.
Charlie: Was that all?
Alex: I think so. He asked me when I (become) interested in painting and drawing, and I said that I (think) I always (be). Oh, yes, and he told me my work (be) very good.
Charlie: Im not surprised. Its good. I hope hell like my stuff too.
Alex: Oh, I think he will, actually.
:
, :
a) A man: Whats your job? How much do you earn?
You: Mind your own business!
A few days ago a man phoned from a marketing company and started asking me questions. He wanted to know and asked . I dont like people phoning and asking me questions like that, so I told and I put the phone down.
b) The official: Why are you visiting the country?
You: Were on holiday.
The official: How long do you intend to stay? Where will you be staying during your visit?
After getting off the plane, we had to queue for an hour to get through immigration. Finally it was our turn. The immigration official asked us and we told . Then he wanted to know and . He seemed satisfied with our answers, checked our passports and wished us a pleasant stay.
6. :
:
background :
BACKGROUND
1. , ; -
2. , , , , ,
3. , ,
4. , ,
5. ,
6. ,
7.
1. The background levels were the same.
2. These two diseases have common etiologic background.
3. The background of these phenomena remained unresolved until the end of the 1970s.
4. The term dose has many meanings depending on the background.
5. The present study was aimed at forming a background for future investigations.
6. The background knowledge is very important in the studies.
:
, :
1. He offered to help me clean the house.
2. She advised me to see a professional.
3. He asked me to help him do the homework.
4. He promised to take her with him next time.
5. He refused to call her to the telephone.
6. He begged them not to hurt him.
7. He suggested going to London next summer.
8. He warned me not to touch the radiator.
9. My father ordered me to go to my room.
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Academic Writing
