1. , . . : V + ( ) + to + infinitive.
They told us to go away.
We offered to take them to the airport.
He urged the miners to go back to work.
She persuaded me to have my hair cut.
I advised the Prime Minister to leave immediately
1. Say . ask... to told... to .
2. . not to.
He told me not to tell anyone.
The police warned people not to go out.
, tell , :
He told me that he wasgoing.
They told us that they were going abroad.
She told them what had been happening.
He told me to keep still.
The police told people to move on.
My parents told me to tidy my room.
4. Ask , .
I was asked to attend the interview.
He asked me to open my suitcase.
She asked me not to smoke.
He asked me what I did for a living.
I asked her how much the rent was.
She asked me why I had come.
5.3. :
say tell:
1. Is something wrong? Can you . me about it?
2. If I were you, I wouldnt . anything to the police about your suspicions until you have more evidence.
3. That little boy is very bad. He always . a lot of lies!
4. I never know what to . to people when they pay me a compliment.
5. Richard . Sarah that he was having a party on Saturday night.
6. To . you the truth, I dont like it.
7. Please . youll forgive me. Im really sorry for all the trouble Ive caused.
8. Im ready to serve the meal. Can you . the children to go and wash their hands, please?
9. When I was introduced to the actor he . a few words to me.
10. He often . things like that.
5.4. :
:
1. He said, Im going to the station.
- He said that he was going to the station.
2. Weve decided to spend our holidays in Jordan, they told us.
- They told us they had decided to spend their holidays in Jordan.
3. Jill said, Ill go to the bank tomorrow.
- Jill said he would go to the bank next day.
4. This meal is delicious, Tom said.
- Tom said that meal was delicious.
5. We wont be visiting Tom this evening, Sam told us.
- Sam told us they wouldnt be visiting Tom that evening.
6. You must leave early tomorrow, she told me.
- She told me I had to leave early next day.
7. I cant go out tonight, she said to me.
- She said to me I couldnt go out that night.
mean , :
| Mean | ||
| Mean | 1. , ; 2. | |
| To mean | 1. , ; 2. , ; 3. (); 4. , | |
| Meaning | , | |
| Means | -*- | , |
| By means of | -*- | , |
| By all means | -*- | ; , |
| By no means | -*- | , , |
| Meaningful | 1. , 2. | |
| Meantime | , | |
| Meanwhile | -*- | , |
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1. Mean levels were within normal range.
2. The mean dosage of the medicine was 320 mg/day.
3. These means are used in assessing the results.
4. The effects mean that the concentration is high.
5. This means that the tooth should be removed.
6. A clear understanding is needed by all means.
7. This anodyne has a lot of side effects and by no means can be recommended.
8. For the meaning of this word consult a dictionary.
9. In the meantime the doctor examined the bad tooth.
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, :
1. Where are you gong? asked Tom.
Tom asked me
2. Where are you going to spend the holiday? asked Mike.
Mike asked ..
3. What will you do when you leave school? asked Jennifer.
Jennifer asked ..
4. How did you know my name? the nurse asked the doctor.
The nurse wanted to know ...
5. Do you have an appointment? asked the clerk.
The clerk asked
6. Have you seen my car keys? Bernard asked his wife.
Bernard wondered
7. Why didnt Isabel phone me? asked her brother.
Isabels brother wanted to know ..
8. Will you carry my briefcase for me please, Rosemary? Richard asked.
Richard asked ...
9. When can I see the doctor? Charles asked the receptionist.
Charles asked
:
, :
a) A woman: Can I speak to Paul, please?
You: Paul has gone out. I dont know when hell be back. Do you want to leave a message?
A woman: Ill try again later.
A woman phoned at lunchtime yesterday and asked . I told and . I asked but she said later. But she never did.
b) A receptionist: We have no record of any reservation in your name.
You: Do you have any rooms free anyway?
A receptionist: Were sorry, but the hotel is full.
I went to London recently, but my visit didnt begin well. I had reserved a hotel room, but when I got to the hotel, they told me . When I asked , they said , but. There was nothing I could do. I just had to look for somewhere else to stay.
6. :
:
pattern. pattern , :
Pattern 1. , , , , ;
2. , ;
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3. ;
4. , , ;
5. , , .
1. There is a general pattern in practically any form of systematization.
2. On reinvestigation this pattern was found in one patient.
3. The distribution pattern is described in Chapter 2.
4. The pattern does not distinguish between the contribution of bronchitis, cigarettes, smoking, ageing and infections.
5. Several ECG patterns showed that an impulse was formed in the S-A node but failed to activate the atria.
6. The term personality implies the long-term integrated behavior patterns.
7. You should not try to make the foreign language grammar fit the pattern of your native language.
- .
:
:
1. You should spend more time studying.
The teacher advised .........................
2. Shall we go bowling this evening?
Mark suggested ...
3. Please, please, let me borrow your bicycle!
Martin begged .
4. Dont touch the oven. Its hot!
Mother warned
5. You should go to the doctors, Mum said to me.
Mum offered ...
6. I promise I wont tell anyone your secret, Tara said to Diana.
Tara promised
7. I wont wash the dishes today! James said.
Lames refused
8. Could I use your phone, please?
David asked
9. Children, sit down!
The school bus driver ordered............
10. Dont go near the edge of the cliff!
Father warned .
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Study the scheme. Make some notes to use the information for scientific reading.
Text Potential
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1
Academic Reading
Read the information below and try to use it working with different kinds of text
While working with the certain text you can use different methods to understand the text better and to summarize the information for presentation or reference in your scientific research:
Skimming is used to quickly identify the main ideas of a text. When you read the newspaper, you're probably not reading it word-by-word. Skimming is done at a speed three to four times faster than normal reading. People often skim when they have lots of material to read in a limited amount of time. Use skimming when you want to see if an article may be of interest in your research.
There are many strategies that can be used when skimming. Some people read the first and last paragraphs using headings, summarizes and other organizers as they move down the page or screen. You might read the title, subtitles, subheading, and illustrations. Consider reading the first sentence of each paragraph. Skimming might be used to review graphs, tables, and charts.
Scanning is a technique you often use when looking up a word in the telephone book or dictionary. You search for key words or ideas. In most cases, you know what you're looking for, so you're concentrating on finding a particular answer. Scanning involves moving your eyes quickly down the page seeking specific words and phrases. Scanning is also used when you first find a resource to determine whether it will answer your questions. Once you've scanned the document, you might go back and skim it.
When scanning, look for the author's use of organizers such as numbers, letters, steps, or the words, first, second, or next. Look for words that are bold faced, italics, or in a different font size, style, or color. Sometimes the author will put key ideas in the margin.
A summary, synopsis, or recap is a shorter version of the original. Such a simplification highlights the major points from the much longer subject, such as a text, speech, film, or event. The purpose is to help the audience get the gist in a short period of time.
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A written summary starts with a lead, including title, author, text type, and the main idea of the text. It has a clearly arranged structure and is written in a logical, chronological, and traceable manner. In contrast to a résumé or a review, a summary contains neither interpretation nor rating. Only the opinion of the original writer is reflected paraphrased with new words without quotations from the text. Unlike a retelling, a summary has no dramatic structure and is written in present tense or historic present. In summaries only indirect speech is used and depictions are avoided. Summaries of books or dissertations present the major facts in common scientific language.
Summary in nonfiction. Nonfiction summaries serve to familiarize the reader with the subject matter of an entire work in a short space of time. They are written in a balanced and objective way, mirroring the genres aim to portray actual events from the authors point of view. Generally, nonfiction summaries do not offer analysis or assessment.
Summarizers use their own words to write the shortened versions and draw on the original make-up of the pieces to structure the distillations. They exclude superfluous examples, descriptions and digressions. The opening sentence should introduce the topic, and the final sentence should sum up the theme, taking into account the knowledge gained from the body of the text. In recent years, a summarizing industry has sprung up. Shorter, more concise nonfiction summaries are called abstracts. They are approximately five pages, thus longer than scientific abstracts.
7. :
- / : Academic Reading
13
: Main Rules of Writing an Academic Paper
2. :
: , ,
3. : .
4. :
- : -5, -9;
- : , , , , , , , ; , , , , , , , . .
5. :
