.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


Prevention of conflagration.




2

Lection 2 Fire safety

:

.

. .

. , .

 

ᒺ, , .

Fire safety is a state of the object at which a possibility of conflagration development and dangerous factors impact on people is excluded with a specified probability and protection of the property is also provided.

12.1.004-91 . .

The requirements of fire safety are defined in 12.1.004-91 Fire safety. General requirements.

, , .

The organization works to ensure fire safety at the object (enterprise, private company and another) relies on its head, and in the departments - on managersare attached by the head of the company.

ᒺ :

ᒺ;

ᒺ;

( , ) ;

ᒺ .

Fire danger estimation of the object must be implemented in the following sequence:

to define a formation possibility of fire-explosion-dangerous environment at the object;

to express formation possibility of inflammation sources attached to technological and domestic processes;

to estimate properties and parameters (lower concentration and temperature limits explosiveness, temperature of spontaneous combustion);

to investigate the ways of conflagration diffusion at its possible beginning on that or other object with view of development of effective measurements on its localization.

.

For better understanding of formation conditions of fire-explosion-dangerous environment and fire-explosion-danger estimation of technological processes necessary to consider in detail the mechanisms and phases of the burning.

- , . , () .

Burning is a complex of physical and chemical transformations, which are accompanied by emission of heat and in most of cases by radiation of light. The process of burning of matter (substances, material) is possible in the presence of combustible matter, oxygen (oxidant) in air or pure oxygen and source of spark.

, .

Conflagration this is burning that is developed in time and space and does nor controlled.

ᒺ, () , : ᒺ ; ; - , .

.

Fire-explosion-danger estimation of the object, at which combustible materials are kept, is implemented with taking into account the following initial conditions: a volume of premise (a volume of production workplace); a list of indexes and properties of combustible material; productivity of incoming-drawing ventilation; time of emergency state of combustible liquid source.

Consider in more detail a list of established indexes, necessary and sufficient for fire-explosion-danger estimation in concrete conditions of combustible materials.

1. . . : ( , , ), ( , );, , .

1. Combustibility group. Combustibility is an ability of matter or material to burn. By the combustibility the matters and materials are subdivided on three groups: incombustible (materials of mineral origin, silicate and red brick, majority of metals and other materials), hard combustible (materials, containing the fire-proof components, for example the wood with deep impregnation by fire-retardant, fibrmat); combustible matter and materials capable to burn simultaneously and also to burn from lighting source.

2. . , .

, , , .

2. Explosion temperature. An explosion is a fast combustion of air-gas, that doe not be attended with formation of compressed gases.

Explosion temperature is the lowest temperature of combustible material, at which in conditions of the special tests over its surface steams or gases will grow up, capable to flash from lighting source, but speed of their formation not yet sufficient for steady burning.

3. () , , .

Inflammation temperature is a least temperature of the matter, qt which conditions of special tests a matter picks out combustible steams and gases with such a speed, that after their lighting a steady flaming burning may arise.

 

, .

An inflammation temperature is used for determination of combustibility group of the matter (material), estimation of fire danger of the equipment and technological processes, associated with alteration of combustible matter.

 

4. , , .

Temperature of spontaneous combustion is a very low temperature of the matter, at which conditions of special tests a sharp speed augmentation of exothermal reactions takes place that results in flaming burning.

 

5. () () , - .

Lower and upper concentration limits of flame (inflammation) diffusion are accordingly minimum and maximum fuel content in mixture a combustible matter-oxidizing environment, at which diffusion of flame is possible on mixture on amy distance from igniting sources.

( ). .

A concentration interval between lower and upper limits are called flame diffusion domain (inflammation or explosion). This diapason is a major description of explosion-safety for the steams and gases of combustible material.

() () :

 

 

 

N - , (); M- , ; Vt ᒺ 1 , .

Lower (LL) and upper (UL) concentration limits of inflammation of air-gases are determined by following way:

 

 

 

where N is a number of gram-atoms of the oxygen, necessary for combustion of 1 mole of combustible gas (matters); M is a mass of mole of combustible matter (material) in mixture, g.

 

.

The lower concentration limit of flame diffusion (inflammation) is used to classify manufactory from their fire-explosion danger.

.

, .

Prevention of conflagration.

A conflagration prevention system - a complex of organizational measures and technical methods to avoid the possibility of fire befining.

 

䳿 ᒺ, , .

Organizational and technical measures to prevent conflagration are already realized at the stage of projection of objects with taking into account features of technological process, as well as possible causes and sources of fire.

 

ᒺ, , :

;

;

, ;

.

Prevention of conflagration at production objects, particularly at storage of fuel-lubricants oils is achieved by:

prevention of formation of combustible environment;

prevention of appearance of spark source in combustible environment;

the temperature maintenance of combustible environment lower maximum permissible and before inflammation temperature;

the pressure maintenance in combustible environment lower than the maximum permissible on combustibility.

 

. , 䳿 .

Fire protection. System of fire protection - a complex of organizational measures and technical methods, directed on prevention of dangerous conflagration factors impact on people and reducing of material (the property).

 

ᒺ, :

-;

;

, , , ;

ᒺ ;

, 䳿 . , .

Fire protection at objects, specially at storage of fuel-lubricants oils, is provided by:

application of noncombustible and hardly combustible matters and materials instead of dire-dangerous if possible;

limitation of number of combustible matters and their placing;

application of fire-fighting methods, that limiting the conflagration dimensions and providing its extinguishing the fire-extinguishers, asbestine canvases, boxes with sand;

Application of constructions objects with regulated limits of fire-résistance and combustibility.

Application of methods of collective and individual protection of the people, which provides safety during the whole time duration of dangerous and harmful factors of conflagration. Collective and individual protection are realized in that cases, when people evacuation is labored or inexpedient.

, , ᒺ, .

Fire regime - a complex set of norms of human behavior, regulation of work and the facility of operation to ensure its fire safety.





:


: 2016-11-12; !; : 301 |


:

:

, .
==> ...

1751 - | 1587 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.036 .