- - .
, - . , -, - .
-
- , -, . . (Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt .) - d‑. d- , . , π- . , , .
( ) . . , , , , . .
. .
, .
. , - . :
+ CH3CH=CHR CH3CH2CH+R + X-
-:
ALX3 + RH R+ + HAIX-3
, :
AlX3 + RX R+ + A1X4-
.
|
|
. . , /:
3+ | 3222+ | ||
32+ | 3H2 +3+ | ||
CH3CH2CH2+ | (3)3+ | ||
CH3 C+HCH3+ | (CH3)3CCH2+ | 8.2 |
, : < < .
, , β- . .
15.3.
. -, :
+ + +
CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH3CH3 CH CH CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3
+ + +
CH3CHCH2: CH3 CH3CHCH2 CH3CCH3+ 76 /
| |
CH3 CH3
.
β-. β-ї. :
+
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
+
CH2=CH2 + CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 92 /
. 92 /, 176 /.
:
+
CH3 CH2 CH CH2 C(CH3)2 CH2 CH3
+
CH3CH2CH=CH2 + C(CH3)2CH2CH3- 21 /
, . .
. :
+ CH3 +
|
(CH3)3C + CH2=CCH3 (CH3)3CCH2C(CH3)2
+
(CH3)3C + C6H6
.
. :
+
323 3=3 + +
+
2(3)3 + 3=3
+
2=(3)3+323 + 42 /
, , .
- . :
+
323 + 3(3)3
+
3223 + 3(3)3 + 67 /
- :
R+ > R+ > R+
, . . .
|
|
. , , , .
. , , :
+
RCH=CH2 + +- RCHCH3 + A-
- :
+
RCCH3 + 3222223
+
RCH2CH3 + 3222222
. ( β-):
+ +
3222222 32222 + (CH2=CH2)
, .
-, . . , , . :
+
3222222
+ +
322223 3222 + (2=3)
+ +
322223 322 + (2=23)
:
+ +
322223 3222(3)2
+ +
322 + (2=(3)2) 3222(3)3
β- , 35 . . 35 - :
+ +
322 33
+
CH3CHCH3 + CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
+
(323) + CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
. :
+
322 + - 322
- , - . , . , .
- .
.
. , , , .
- . - , , :
, % 47 75,6 78,6 51,8
(1,1-) - , .
: 1) ; 2) .
|
|
1) | R + | |
CH2=CH2CH2CH2CH2 | ||
ї- , :
+ +
H2C=C(R)CH2CH2CH2CH2 H2C=CRCHCH2CH2CH3
β-, - .
.
2) :
, ї- (1).
, , .
25% , .
:
, . .
, .
- , :
+
2=23 + + 323 + 724 /
, - , .
. :
+ +
CH2=CHCH2 + CH2=C(CH3)CH3 CH2=CHCH2CH2C(CH3)CH3
.
. , . , , , . . , :
.
, () ():
) 2653 66 + C6H4(CH3)2
.