-
__________
____
_______________________________________________________
_________________ 2
_________________________ _________________
1. ,
____
____
____
2. ,
____
____
____
3. :
3.1.
-137
. ________________ _________________ . ______________
-90
. ________________ _________________ . ______________
-239
. ________________ _________________ . ______________
3.2.
____
3.3.
____
3.4.
____
3.5.
____
3.6. ____
4.
____
____
____
5.
| () 1 | , .-/ | ||
6. , .. - , ( - ) , ( - )
6.1. :
| , | ||
| , .- | ||
| : |
6.2. , : ____________
1) , _________________
2) , .- _______________________
3)
6.3. (.-) :
1) , ____
2) ____________________________
|
|
|
3) ____________________________
4) ____________________________
5) ____________________________
7. _____________________
8. ( ) __________
9. ,
____
____
____
10. ,
____
____
, - (, , )
___________________
()
_________________________ _______________________ ________________
(, ., .) () ()
11.
____
____
____
_________________________ _______________________ ________________
(, ., .) () ()
12. - ,
____
____
____
_________________________ _______________________ _________________
(, , ) () ()
- (, ... ) - _______________
_________________________ _______________________ _________________
(, , ) () ()
_________________________
15
-
1.
1. - , .
2. ( - ) - 1 () () ( - ).
- (1.)
:
1 = y p, 3/, (1)
: - , :
1) 0,006 /, y - ( - /);
2) 0,0007 /, y - /.
3. - (y) () ():
|
|
|
y = 1 - ( + ) (2)
: 1 - .
( + ) , 5 50 .
4. () 0 2000 . (N ) , :
(3)
y - 1 n- ;
n - n- .
5.
:
(4)
- , .
2.
6. ( - ) , , . , , , , .
7. :
. = kd ∙ Cn ∙ ∙ V ∙ , /, (5)
kd - (/), 13;
n - , /;
- , /3;
V - , 3/;
T - , /.
(5) n, V.
8. , , , . 5, .
9. 13 .
10. , , n , () η (. .).
3.
11. () () , .
12. , , 1, 2 3/, , - () - t, , () - 
, /3. , - ( ∙ t), ( ∙ /3).
|
|
|
13. 1/3 , 0,78 ∙ 10-5 3.
, - t, :
(6)
d = 0,78 ∙ 10-5 /( ∙ /3), :
(7)
- t .
2000 d = 1,56 ∙ 10-2/(/3).
14. () (1.) (1. + rn) :
= 1.+ 1. + rn (8)
_________________________
16
-
238U 232Th
238U
1
| , / | ||||
| - | ||||
| 238U | 4,77 ∙ 109 | α | 2,6 ∙ 10-6 | 7,3 ∙ 10-6 |
| 234Th | 24,10 | β | 6,3 ∙ 10-9 | 7,3 ∙ 10-9 |
| 234Pa | 1,17 | β | 3,8 ∙ 10-10 | 4,0∙ 10-10 |
| 234U | 2,45∙ 105 | α | 3,1 ∙ 10-6 | 8,5∙ 10-6 |
| 230Th | 7,70 ∙ 104 | α | 4,0 ∙ 10-5 | 4,0∙ 10-5 |
| 226Ra | 1600 | α | 3,2 ∙ 10-6 | 3,2 ∙ 10-6 |
| 222Rn | 3,824 | α | - | - |
| 218Po | 3,10 | α | - | - |
| 214Pb | 26,8 | β | - | 2,9 ∙ 10-9 |
| 214Bi | 19,9 | β | 1,4 ∙ 10-8 | 1,4 ∙ 10-8 |
| 214Po | 164 | α | - | - |
| 210Pb | 22,3 | β | - | 8,9∙ 10-7 |
| 210Bi | 5,013 | β | 8,4 ∙ 10-8 | 8,4∙ 10-8 |
| 210 | 138,4 | α | 3,0 ∙ 10-6 | 3,0 ∙ 10-6 |
| 5,20 ∙ 10-5 | 6,30 ∙ 10-5 |
232Th
2
| , / | ||||
| - | ||||
| 232Th | 1,405 ∙ 1010 | α | 4,2∙ 10-5 | 4,2 ∙ 10-5 |
| 228Ra | 5,75 | β | 2,6 ∙ 10-6 | 2,6 ∙ 10-6 |
| 228 | 6,15 | β | 1,6∙ 10-8 | 2,5∙ 10-8 |
| 228Th | 1,913 | α | 3,1 ∙10-5 | 3,9∙ 10-5 |
| 224Ra | 3,66 | α | 2,9 ∙ 10-6 | 2,9 ∙ 10-6 |
| 220Rn | 55,6 | α | - | - |
| 216 | 0,145 | α | - | - |
| 212Pb | 10,64 | β | - | 1,9 ∙ 10-8 |
| 212Bi | 60,55 | α (36%); β (64%) | 3,0 ∙ 10-8 | 3,0 ∙ 10-8 |
| 212Po | 0,299 | α | - | - |
| 208Ti | 3,053 | β | - | - |
| 7,85 ∙ 10-5 | 8,66∙ 10-5 |
|
|
|
_________________________
17
-
________________________________________
, __________________________________________________
, , ,
______________________
______ ____________ 20 .
______ ____________ 20 .
| / | , () | , (, ) | ||||
| , | |||
_________________________
18
-
.
. - -.
0,5 . - 1 , , . , 0,5 , 0,5 .
, , , , 1 , , .
0,5 , . , (, , ). .
, , .
10 , 1 .
, , 15-20 10 . .
5 .
. ( ) , :
1) - 0,2 / ;
2) , 0,04 ( - /²);
3) , 0,4 /².
_________________________
|
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|
