.
1. ( )
2. ()
. .
. , , , .
().
.
.
.
, . .
: . t1 , t2 , . . . () . .
. . .
. .
10. .
.
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3 :
1) ()
2) ( )
3) ( ).
1. .
y1, y2,,ym (1 )
m .
Y5= {y1,y3,y8} m=9
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2
2. .
Y1,Y2,,Ym .
.
: L={log2(M=1)}.
, .
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|
Y1 Y2 Ym
 |
y1 y2 ym
: → . ( 1), .
: , .. , - .
|
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3. ().
.
, ( ).
. .
ALU (, , , ,) 1.
(, , , ) 1.
( , , ).
 |
T2
 | | |
{y1} {y2} . {yk}
: L=∑Li
Li={log2(mi+1)}
1) mi=1, mi=2 .
2) .
, .
, ,, , , .. , .
.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
1. .
( ), 2 .
 |
.
, , 0.
, 1.
=0.
, =0, 0
=1, 1
2
 |
 |  | | |||
3
x
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{} , , 3
:
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1 2 . L
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:
=0,
=1, +1.
2. .
|
, , ( 1 ).
, .
. .
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+1
 | |||
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1. , .
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2. .
.
, . , , .
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0 0
1 1
 |
0
 |
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Y1 1, 2 , . , .
:
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1
.
, 4 . , , 4 . . .
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2
z1
|
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Xx1 z1 Xx2 z2
.
2 a1, a2. 2 . .
1, (1=0)
α1=
1, 1≠1
2, 2=0 (z2=1)
α2=
Xx2, 2≠0
: .
1 2
 |
0 0 . 00 d
0 1 . 01 MKc
1 0 . 10 MKb
1 1 . 11 MKa
, , ( ).
:
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0 0
| |||
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1 1
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11. , , , .
:
1. -
2.
3. ()
( , . .), ( . .). .
, ( , , , ).
(). , .
. . : ( GPR General purpose register) ( FPR Float Point Register)
1) (). . .
2) ( )
3) ( , , , ).
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4)
1.
C ( PC Program Counter, IP Instruction Pointer)
. B .
( )
( )
(IP) , .
2. .
().
3. / .
.
4. .
5. .
6. ()
()
1- :
2-
| 1 | 2 |
3-
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
3- :
1) (Instruction Feteh)
2) 1
3) 2
4)
5) 3
:
1, 2 . .
:
-. .
LD (Load)
1)
2)
3)
1)
2)
3) , Act[a]
4)
St ()
[A]:=Ac
, .
| R1 | R2 |
| R1 | 2 |
12.
IBM-370
() 16 32 4 64
:
1) RR ( )
| R1 | R2 |
0 7 8 11 12 15
[R1]:=[R1]+[R2]
2) RX (-)
| R1 | X2 | B2 | D2 |
0 7 8 11 12 15 16 19 20 31
2- (EA)
EA=[X2]+[B2]+D2
- . .
. .
, , X2 = 0 - , 2 = 0 . X2 = 0, B2 = 0, .
:
(X2)+ (B2)+ D2, X2≠0, B2≠0
(X2) + D2, X2≠0, B2=0
= (B2)+ D2, B2≠0, X2=0
D2, B2=0, X2=0
3) RS (- )
| R1 | R3 | B2 | D2 |
|
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EA =|
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R3 :
, , R1 = 3, R3 = 5
(R1), (R1+1) -
(3), 4, 5 -
R1=14, R3=2,
14, 15, 0, 1, 2
4) SI ( )
, EA.
5) SS ( )
( 1,5 )
CT (Counter) .
() .
(). n+1 ( 0, 1 ()).
.
RR ( )
RX
M1 .
RR (R2). 0 ( )
RX (X2)+(B2)+D2.
, , .
PSW
Program
Status
Word
CC (Cod Counter):
00 = 0 (Z)
01 < 0 (N S)
10 > 0 (P)
11 (V)
Z, . .
:
M1=1111, ( )
1=0111 , .
1=1010 , ≥ 0.
.
, . R1
PC=a+4 . /:
(R1):=PC;
PC:=EA;
:
BP R1 PC:=(R1)
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-
13. .
14. 8- ..
15. 16- .
i80286 i8086, i8086, i8088 , :
1) 4 , 16/16/24;
2) ;
3) 8, 10, 20 ;
4) 4 4- . ≈ 65 ;
5) i80286 2 :
- , 1
- , 16 .
6) i286 ;
7) 16 ;
8) i286 i80186.
i286 4 :
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) .
, , . . , .
24
16
. 5.16. i80286.
. , i286 2-3 , . 14 , 4- . , , , , :
1. 1-3 ;
2. ;
3. 1-2 ;
4. ;
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.
i286
i286 .5.17, 23-0 , D15 D0 , 
CLK i82284, fCLK=f (). 23-20=0000.
. .
. .
. ( )
.
0,047
i287
.5.17. I80286.
CLK .
RESET, #RDY, NMI, INTR, #BHE, #LOCK . , i8086, .
HOLD, HLDA i8086 .
M/#IO, #ST1, #ST2 . , CODE/#INTA .
5.2.
| CODE/#INTA | M/#IO | #ST0 | #ST1 | |
| X 0/1 0/1 X | / / |
CAP .
PEREQ, #ERROR, BUSY, PEACK i286, , i286.
16. i486 .
() i486.
, , .
2 ;
- (Intel)
i486 : , , . , ( ) .
i486 31 (16 15 ).
1. RG i486
- 8. 32 . (E-EXTENDET).
EAX 32; AX 16, AL - 8. 2 . 4 RG , . , .
EAX/AX/AL - . ( , , , IN,OUT, BCD). EBX/BX/BL Base . ()
ECX Counter . , , .
DX Data . , , , IN/OUT
ESP Stack Pointer (PUSH, POP, CALL, RET, IRET) .
EBS Base Pointer - ( ).
ESI Source Index .
EDI Destination Index .
CS, SS, DS, ES 8086 (1810), 64 , . : , (limit), ( ).
CS , ( ).
SS , . ESP.
DS , .
ES, FS + GS .
16 . . R P ( 3 R,P,V).
. 32 (offset).
IP
. IP . (486) 4- .
. FLAGS.
8 + 6 .
. ( - MOV)
CF (Carry) (+), (-)
(31, 15, 7)→F=1. .
PF - (). . 1 →=1.
AF (Auxiliary) A . .
ZF (Zero)
SF (Sign) (31, 15, 7)
OF (Overfrow)
IOPL (Input/Output Prevelege Level) - -.
