()
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541: 378
: . - / .. (. 2, 5, 6, 8, 11), .. . 1, 2, 3, 4), .. (.1, 3, 4, 12), .. (. 8, 9, 10), .. (. 6), .. (. 12), .. (. 7); . . - . /, 2009. 79 . .: 9 .
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: , , , , , - , , . .
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: - . , . .. ();
. .-. , . .. ()
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, 2009
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: . .
, , .
: Q, , D U :
Q = D U + A. (1)
, , .
. : = 298,15 , = 101,3 . , , :
QV = D U. (2)
. , , :
Q= D . (3)
:
|
|
= U + pV. (4)
.
, , . (D < 0).
, , (D > 0).
, , .. .
, ( D ) , ( = 298,15 , = 101,3 ). . 1. , , .
1
D , / | D , / | ||
Al2O3 (T) Al2(SO4)3 (T) CH4 () C2H6 () C6H6 () CO () CO2 () COS () HCl () HNO3 () CuO(T) Cu(NO3)2 (T) H2O() | -1675 -3434 -75 -85 -110 -393 -137 -92 -173 -165 -307 -286 | H2O () H2S () MgO (T) Mg(NO3)2 (T) NO2 () NaHCO3 (T) Na2CO3 (T) Na2S (T) Na2SO3 (T) Na2SO4 (T) POCl3 () PCl5 (T) SO2 () | -242 -20 -601 -790 -914 -1129 -372 -1090 -1388 -597 -369 -297 |
: . , . .
, . , . , .
1. (III) :
1) 2Fe () + O2 () = 2FeO; D H 1 = 532 ,
2) 4FeO () + O2 () = 2Fe2O3 (T); D H 2 = 584 .
. Fe2O3 :
3) 2Fe (T) + O2 = Fe2O3; D H . . =?
(3), (2) (1). D H .. :
2Fe + O2 = Fe2O3; D H x.. = (-584) -532 = -824 /.
:
:
(5)
2. , . , : ) 90 ; ) 89,6 CO2 (..).
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. 1 :
C2H6 () + O2 = 2CO2 () + 3H2O (); D H . =?
:
, .. .
. 1:
D H . = 3 (286) + 2(393) + 85 = 1559 /.
D H . <0, .
1 C2H6, .. 30 . 90 C2H6, :
n = = 3 .
, 90 , :
Q = n D H . = 3 . (1559 /) = 4677 .
2 CO2. , .. 22,4 /. 89,6 CO2 , :
n = 4 .
, , :
Q = n DH . = 4 (-1559 /) = - 6236 .
, :
:
D H . = SD H SD H (6)
( D H ) 1 () . 1 CO2 H2O. . 2. , (H2O, CO2) .
2
D H , / | |
CO CH4 C2H2 C2H6 C2H5OH CH3COOH CH3COOC2H5 C2H3COOH H2 NH3 N2O | -283 -890 -1300 -1560 -1367 -874 -2254 -1370 -286 -383 -69 |
3. . , 138 ?
. :
C2H5OH () + CH3COOH() = CH3COOC2H5 () +H2O (); D H . =?
:
D H = 0, .. .
. 2:
D H .= -1367 -874 + 2254 = 13 /,
.. D H > 0, .
1 C2H5OH. 138 C2H5OH, :
, :
Q = n . D H . = 3 . 13 / = 39 .
.
4. :
C6H6 () +7 O2 = 6 CO2 () + 3H2O(); D H . = 3133 /.
. :
D H . = 6 D H + 3 D H D H ;
D H = 0, .. .
:
D H = .
. 1:
D H = 6 (-393) + 3 (-242) + 3133 = 49 /.
5. C2H2 :
C2H2 () + CO() + H2O() = C2H3COOH; D H . = 213 /.
. :
D H . = D H + D H + D H D H
:
D H = D H . D H D H +D H
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. 2, :
D H = 213 + 283 -1370 = 1300 /.
1-5. , .
D H ., | D H ., / | ||
1) 4NH3 + 5O2 = 4NO + 6H2O() 2) 4NH3 + 3O2 = 2N2 + 6H2O() | -1169 -1530 | ||
1) 4As +3O2 = 2As2O3 2) As2O3 + O2 = As2O5 | -1328 -261 | -925 | |
1) CuCl2 + Cu = 2CuCl 2) Cu + Cl2 = CuCl2 | -56 -216 | -136 | |
1) 2P + 3Cl2 = 2PCl3 2) PCl5 = PCl3 + Cl2 | -574 | -375 | |
1) 2Pb + O2 = 2PbO 2) 2PbO2 = 2PbO + O2 | -438 | -277 |
6-10. , (. 1). (Q), , m .
m, | Q, | ||
H2S() + CO2() = H2O ()+ COS () | |||
S() + 2CO2() = SO2() + 2CO() | |||
CO2() + 4H2() = CH4() + 2H2O() | -332 | ||
PCl5() + H2O() = POCl3() + 2HCl() | -680 | ||
2NaHCO3 ()= Na2CO3 () + H2O() + CO2() |
11-15. , (. 2). , , V .
V, | Q, | ||
24() + 2() = 2() + 42() | 89,6 | -140 | |
2NH3() + 22() = N2O() + 3H2O() | 67,2 | -1045,5 | |
22() +22() = 4() + 2() | |||
4() + 2() = 2() + 22() | 44,8 | ||
26() + 2() = 24() | -165 |
16-20. , D . (. 1).
D ..,/ | ||
2l23() + 6S2() +32 = 2l2(S4)3() | -1736 | |
4N2() + 2 + 22() = 4N3() | -252 | |
2g(N3)2() = 2g() + 4N2() + 2 | ||
2u() + 4N2() + 2 = 2u(N3)2() | -416 | |
4Na2SO3 () = 3Na2SO4 () + N2S() | -176 |