UNIT 1
ENGINEERING
I. Language.
Exercise 1. Vocabulary to be learnt:
| To deal with Operation Complex Property Field To consume Among To transmit Extremely To reduce Application Trend Towards To lower Device To create Dimensions To replace Digital Analogue Speed Maintenance Purpose Artificial To perform To intend To move To require Essential To devote To select Particularly Appropriate To specify To withstand Procedure occupation | мати справу з; займатися робота; управління складний; комплексний властивість; галузь споживати серед; між передавати украй скорочувати застосування тенденція; напрям у напряму до; щодо спускати; знижувати прилад породжувати; створювати розміри; вимірювання; заміняти; ставити на місце цифровий; електронний аналоговий швидкість; спритність підтримування мета; намір штучний; неприродний виконувати; проводити намірятися; мати намір пересувати; ходити; рухати мати потребу в; вимагати основний присвячувати вибирати особливо належний; підходящий уточнювати витримувати процедура; процес заняття; перебування | иметь дело с; работать действие; работа множество; сложный свойство; особенность область; сфера потреблять между; среди передавать; проводить крайне; чрезвычайно сокращать; уменьшать применение; употребление направление; тенденция к; по направлению к снижать; уменьшать прибор; устройство создавать; разрабатывать размеры, величина заменять цифровой аналоговый скорость, быстрота тех. Обслуживание цель; намерение искусственный делать; выполнять намереваться двигать; перемещать нуждаться; требовать существенный; основной посвящать выбирать; отбирать особенно; в частности подходящий; соответствующий точно определять; устанавливать противостоять; выдерживать методика; метод род занятий; профессия |
Exercise 2. Guess the meaning of the following international words:
Canal, material, mechanism, pneumatic, ventilation, signal, laser, radar, optics, revolution, parallel, aerodynamics, navigation, atmosphere, rocket, reactor, radiation, radioactivity, method.
Exercise 3. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian:
design of large buildings
construction materials
to operate machinery of all types
electric power and signals
engineering problems
electronic circuit
important development
to transmit power
to reduce power losses
communication systems
speed of computer operations
techniques of modern shipbuilding
particular requirements of production
to withstand the high temperatures
to reduce accidents
II. Reading.
Exercise 4. Read and translate the text A.
Text A
WHAT IS ENGINEERING?
In general, engineering is a science that deals with design, construction and operation of structures, machines, engines and other devices. Engineer is a person who has received technical education and has a basic knowledge of other engineering fields, because most engineering problems are complex and interrelated. The term engineering is difficult to translate into Ukrainian because it has a lot of meanings. Most often it is translated as: інженерна справа,
технічний дизайн, будівництво, виробництво. There exist the following main branches of engineering:
Civil Engineering.
Civil engineering deals with the design of large buildings, roads, bridges, dams, canals, railway lines, airports, tunnels and other constructions. A civil engineer must have a thorough knowledge of the properties and mechanics of construction materials, the mechanics of structures and soils, and of hydraulics and fluid mechanics. Among the main subdivisions in this field are construction engineering, transports engineering and hydraulic engineering.
Mechanical Engineering.
Engineers in this field design, test, build, and operate machinery of all types. The field is divided into:
machine-tools, mechanisms, materials, hydraulics and pneumatics
heat as applied to engines, work and energy, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. A mechanical engineer must be trained in mechanics and hydraulics, metallurgy and machine design. A mechanical engineer designs not only the machines that make products but the products themselves.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
This is the widest field of engineering, concerned with systems and devices that use electric power and signals. Among the most important subjects in the field are electric power and machinery, electronic circuits, control systems, computer design, superconductors, solid-state electronics, robotics, lasers, radar, consumer electronics, and fibre optics.
Electrical engineering can be divided into four main branches: electric power and machinery, electronics, communications and control, and computers.
Electric Power and Machinery.
Engineers working in this field design and operate systems for generating, transmitting, and distributing electric power. Several important developments appeared in this field. One of these is the ability to transmit power at extremely high voltages in both the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) modes, reducing power losses. Another is the real-time control of power
generation, transmission and distribution, using computers.
Electronic engineering.
Electronic engineering deals with the research, design and application of circuits and devices used in the transmission and processing of information.
The revolution in electronics is the trend towards integrating electronic devices on a single tiny chip of silicon or some other semiconductive material. Much of the research in electronics is directed towards creating even smaller chips, faster switching of components, and three-dimensional integrated circuits.
Communications and Control
Engineers in this field work on control systems and communication systems that are used widely in aircraft and ships, in power transmission and distribution, in automated manufacturing and robotics.
Major developments in this field are the replacement of analogue systems with digital systems and copper cables with fibre optics (optical fibres). Digital systems lower electrical noise. Fibre optics lowers interference, has large carrying capacity, and is extremely light and inexpensive to manufacture.
Computers engineering
Computer engineering is now the most rapidly growing field. Computer engineers design and manufacture memory systems, central processing units and peripheral devices. Major developments in this field are microminiaturization (design of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) chips) and new computer architectures. Using VLSI, engineers try to place greater numbers of circuit elements onto smaller chips. Another trend is towards increasing the speed of computer operations through the use of parallel processors and superconducting materials.
