.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


.

3.

3.1.. .

3.2.. . .

3.3. .

 

. , ( ) , .

 

 

. , ,

 

 

.. . 1, . 1.8.-1.10

 

:

 

  1. ? ( ) ?
  2. ={a,b,c} B={x,y,z}. ?
  3. {(1,2), (2,4), (3,6),}
  4. = {(b, ), (, ), (d, i), (f, ){g, u)}
  5. = {(v, ), (w, ), (, i), (, )(z, u)}.

) -1 -1

) -1 .

) -1 .

6. 6

 

 

3.1.

X Y (x,y) , x X, y Y.

X Y

 

3.1.

, ,

X Y ≠ Y X

 

3.1.

X={1,2,3}, Y={#,*}

X Y = {(1,#), (1,*), (2,#), (2,*), (3,#), (3,*)}

Y X = {(#,1), (#,2), (#,3), (*,1), (*,2), (*,3)}

 

, , .

m , n , mn . , , , , .

 

 

. . .

 

3.2(1)

R ( Relation ) A B. (, b) R, aRb, , b R, , b. , , , a φ b a b

 

3.2 (1)

1) A B

2) = {1,2,3}, = {*, #}, A B = { (1, *), (2,*), (3,*), (1,#), (2,#), (3,#)},

R = {(l,*), (l,#), (3,#)} . 3R#, (3,#) R. A B , 26 = 64 A B. , 64 A B.

 

3.2. (2)

= , A A .

 

3.2 (2).

1). N:

- ≤ (7,9) (7,7), (9,7);

- , , (6,9), (4,2), (2,4), (4,4), (7, 9) (9, 7);

- (. . aRb b) (2, 4) (4, 4), (4, 2) (7, 9).

2). :

- (3, 4) (2, 1/21), (3, 4) (1, 6); ;

- , ;

- x (1, 1) (2, 2), 1 = 2, 1 = -2.

3). :

; ; ; .

 

3.2.(3).

R , (,) R. , R R. R , (, ) R

. , R

R.

 

3.2.(4)

R R-1 . R . R-1 : R-1= {(b,a): (a,b) R}

, (b, ) R-1 , (a, b) R ,

, b R-1a , aRb. R-1 R.

3.2. (4)

1) R = {(l,*), (l,#), (3,#)}, R-1 = {(*, 1), (#,1), (#,3)}.

2) R - {(,): }, R-1 = R

 

 

3.2.(5)

R R , S B C - S B C.

S R T A C, :

T = {(a,c): b B, (a,b) R (b, c) R}

T T = S R

 

3.2.(5)

1) A={1,2,3}, B={#,*}, C={w,x,y,z}

R S B C :

R={(1,#), (1,*),(3,#)}

S={(#,w), (#,x), (*,y), (*,z)}

 

 

T A C = S R = {(1,w), (1,x), (1,y), (1,z), (3,w), (3,x)}

(1,#) R (#,w) S (1,w) S R

(1,#) R (#,x) S (1,x) S R

(1,*) R (*,y) S (1,y) S R

 

2) R S , : S = {(x, x+2): x } R = {(x, x4): x } S R = {(x, x4 +2): x }

R S = {(x, (x+2)4): x }.

 

3.2.(6)

 

R , (, ) R .

R , (, b) R ≠b.

R , b, , (, b) R , (b,a) R.

R , , b , (, b) R (b,c) R, , (, c) R.

R , b A, (, b) (b, ) R , = b.

 

3.2.(6)

= {1,2,3,4} R1

R1 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (1,2), (1,4), (2,1), (4,1)}.

R1 , .. , (,) R1. , (a,b) R1 (b,) R1, , R1 , ,

 

.

 

3.3.(1)

R , , .

3.3.(1)

. R2 :

R2 = {(, b): - b = 5 }( a b 5).

, (8,3) R2, 8-3 = 5 = 51, (-11,4) R2,

(-11)-4 = -15 = 5 (-3).

R2 . (.. ), = 0 = 5 0 = 5 = 0, (, ) R2.

R2 . , (, b) R2. t, b = 5 t b = ( b) = (5t) = 5(t) (t). , (b, ) R2

R2. , a, b , (, b) R2

(b, c) R2.

(, b) R2, a b = 5k k,

(b,c) R2, b c = 5m m.

, (a b) + (b c) = 5k + 5m = (a c) = 5(k+m), (k+m) .

 

, R2

 

.

. , ( ) , ,

( r = 0), . .

 

3.3.(2)

, A , A .

, , A . , , , , , . .

, , . . , , , b , , , b > .

, , b > , . . b , , < b, . . , b. , , , .

. , , 1. , , b 1 b 1, , 1. , b, b , , , 1.

3.3.(6)

, .

:

. , Rb , b, R , .

, R , : R. . ,

b , . , b, .. R Rb. R Rb. , . . xR, aRb Rb, . . b.

, b . , b, , . A .

 

, R ,

. R.

. , R :

(, b) R , b . R , , . R :

(, b) R , b , .

3.5.(6)

[a] = {x: (x, a) R2} = {x: x R2 a} = {x: x a =5k k} =

= {x: x = a+5k k}

 

( 5):

[0] = {, - 15, - 10, - 5, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, }

[1] = {, - 14, - 9, - 4, 1, 6, 11, }

[2] = {, - 13, - 8, - 3, 2, 7, 12, }

[3] = {, - 12, - 7, - 2, 3, 8, 13, }

[4] = {, - 11, - 6, - 1, 4, 9, 14,}

, R2 5 : [0], [1], [2], [3], [4].

 

3.3.(3)

, , . , , ≤, .

, . , , <, .



<== | ==>
| . , .
:


: 2016-11-12; !; : 973 |


:

:

, , 1:10
==> ...

1656 - | 1580 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.07 .