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() , ( , ), , R R . ≈ 105, R ≥ 107 , R < 500 .

() , + - . , , . , . (.1), , () .

 

. 1 . 2

 

U +, U - () U () U

 

(1.1)

 

: + - ; :

 

(1.2)

 

, . α = / .

(). , . , , U .. U ., (.2). U . U .

 

 

U 0 U , (.3); R c+, R c- , ; I +, I - - ; f .

. 3

 

. (). , . ().

. .

 

.

. (.4,), (.4,) (.4,).

.4 ( f ) U ׀ I׀, U ׀ =0 I׀ =0, I z1 = I f. U ׀ = 0 , U ׀ = U

U ׀ = 0 , U ׀ = U / , → ∞ U ≠ ∞. I׀ =0 , R = 0, U ׀ =0. I z1 = I f U ׀ =0 , .

 

. 4

 

- Z 1 Z f (Z 1= R 1, Z f= R f) f .4 . .

 

(.5,)

U = ,

α i = R fRi

, (U α = U ׀ ≈ 0), .

= R 2/ R 1 .5,. R 3, R 4 . , R 4 R 1 = R 3 R 2, │ +│ = │ -│ (K =0).

.5, .

 

f = (R 2 R 1+ R 2 R 4+ R 1 R 4)/ R 1 R 3 (1.3)

 

R 3 = R 2 = R 4 = R, K f = 2+ R / R 1.

 

 

. 5

 

, C . .6.

 

. 6

 

C K f, (1/ω C ) R 2. K f U , .

.6, K f = 1, .6, K f =1+ .

 

.

.4, .

() (). . I = f (U ) I U , U = f (I ) I .

.4, . Z 1 (Z f R f) U U . . , Z f (Z 1 R 1), U U . .

. , - p-n I (I >> I 0) U U >> φ ), () , ;

 

I = I 0 (e - 1) ≈ I 0 e ; U = φ m tn( +1) ≈ φ m tn ,

 

I 0 p-n ; φ ≈ 0,026 ); m - (m = 13).

 

. 7

 

.7, , e >> 1 (U >>0.026 ),

 

U = αe , (1.4)

α = I 0 R, β = m φ,

, .7, I / I 0>> I (U >>0.026 ),

U = β ln (). (1.5)

, I . , , r (r = m φ/ I ) p-n . I , , , , , I ≠0 U ≠0. .7 (1.4) (1.5) , U = f (U ), . U , U . .7 .

 





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