() , ( , ), , R R . ≈ 105, R ≥ 107 , R < 500 .
() , + - . , , . , . (.1), , () .
. 1 | . 2 |
U +, U - () U () U
(1.1)
: + - ; :
(1.2)
, . α = / .
(). , . , , U .. U ., (.2). U . U .
U 0 U , (.3); R c+, R c- , ; I +, I - - ; f .
. 3 |
. (). , . ().
. .
|
|
.
. (.4,), (.4,) (.4,).
.4 ( f ) U ׀ I׀, U ׀ =0 I׀ =0, I z1 = I f. U ׀ = 0 , U ׀ = U
U ׀ = 0 , U ׀ = U / , → ∞ U ≠ ∞. I׀ =0 , R = 0, U ׀ =0. I z1 = I f U ׀ =0 , .
. 4
- Z 1 Z f (Z 1= R 1, Z f= R f) f .4 . .
(.5,)
U = ,
α i = R f ∕ Ri
, (U α = U ׀ ≈ 0), .
= R 2/ R 1 .5,. R 3, R 4 . , R 4 R 1 = R 3 R 2, │ +│ = │ -│ (K =0).
.5, .
f = (R 2 R 1+ R 2 R 4+ R 1 R 4)/ R 1 R 3 (1.3)
R 3 = R 2 = R 4 = R, K f = 2+ R / R 1.
. 5
, C . .6.
. 6
C K f, (1/ω C ) R 2. K f U , .
.6, K f = 1, .6, K f =1+ .
.
.4, .
() (). . I = f (U ) I U , U = f (I ) I .
|
|
.4, . Z 1 (Z f R f) U U . . , Z f (Z 1 R 1), U U . .
. , - p-n I (I >> I 0) U U >> φ ), () , ;
I = I 0 (e - 1) ≈ I 0 e ; U = φ m tn( +1) ≈ φ m tn ,
I 0 p-n ; φ (φ ≈ 0,026 ); m - (m = 13).
. 7
.7, , e >> 1 (U >>0.026 ),
U = αe , (1.4)
α = I 0 R, β = m φ,
, .7, I / I 0>> I (U >>0.026 ),
U = β ln (). (1.5)
, I . , , r (r = m φ/ I ) p-n . I , , , , , I ≠0 U ≠0. .7 (1.4) (1.5) , U = f (U ), . U , U . .7 .